Wiktionary

拉

拉 U+62C9, 拉
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-62C9
← 拈
[U+62C8] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 拊 →
[U+62CA]
拉 U+F925, 拉
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F925
← 襤
[U+F924] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 臘 →
[U+F926]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 

Han character

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拉 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 手卜廿 (QYT), four-corner 50018, composition ⿰扌立)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 425, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11946
  • Dae Jaweon: page 773, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1857, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+62C9

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 拉

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 拉
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
 
Characters in the same phonetic series (立) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
涖 *rɯːbs, *rɯbs
莅 *rɯbs, *rɯbs
蒞 *rɯbs
位 *ɢʷrɯbs
拉 *ruːb
菈 *ruːb
颯 *sluːb
立 *rɯb
粒 *rɯb
笠 *ɡ·rɯb
砬 *rɯb
岦 *rɯb
苙 *ɡ·rɯb, *ɡrɯb
鴗 *rɯb
雴 *r̥ʰɯb
泣 *kʰrɯb

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːb) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 立 (OC *rɯb).

Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Note: laap6 - rare.
Note: lah4 - e.g. 拉稀跑肚.
Note:
  • lă - literary;
  • lăk - vernacular;
  • nà - “to excrete”.
Note:
  • lá - in certain compounds;
  • la̍p - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 拉
Mandarin Beijing /la⁵⁵/
Harbin /la⁴⁴/ ～車
/la²⁴/ ～鋸
Tianjin /lɑ²¹/
Jinan /la²¹³/
/la⁴²/ ～呱兒
Qingdao /la⁵⁵/
/la²¹³/ ～屎
Zhengzhou /la²⁴/
Xi'an /la²¹/
Xining /la⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /la⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /la³¹/
Ürümqi /la⁴⁴/
Wuhan /na⁵⁵/
Chengdu /na⁵⁵/
Guiyang /la⁵⁵/
Kunming /la̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /lɑ³¹/
Hefei /la²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /laʔ²/
Pingyao /lɑ¹³/
Hohhot /laʔ⁴³/ ～屎
/la³¹/ ～東西
Wu Shanghai /la⁵³/
Suzhou /lɑ⁵⁵/
/laʔ³/ ～丁
Hangzhou /lɑ³³/
Wenzhou /la³³/
Hui Shexian /la³¹/
Tunxi /la¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /la²⁴/
Xiangtan /nɒ³³/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /la⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /lɑ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /lai⁵³/
Nanning /lai⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /lai⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lap̚⁵/
/la⁵⁵/ 俗
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /la⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /la⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /lap̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /la⁵⁵/
Rime
Character 拉
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 合 (160)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 盧合切
Baxter lop
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lʌp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ləp̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɒp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ləp̚/
Li
Rong 		/lᴀp̚/
Wang
Li 		/lɒp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lăp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		là
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		laap6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 拉
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		là
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lop ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]ˁəp/
English break

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 拉
Reading # 1/1
No. 7866
Phonetic
component 		立
Rime
group 		緝
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		拉
Old
Chinese 		/*ruːb/

Definitions

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拉

  1. † to destroy; to break; to snap
    alt. forms: 摺／折, 搚 (lā), 拹 (xié)
  2. † to insult
  3. † to strike; to hit; to beat
  4. to pull; to drag; to tug
    將窗簾拉落嚟 [Cantonese, trad.]
    将窗帘拉落嚟 [Cantonese, simp.]
    zoeng1 coeng1 lim2 laai1 lok6 lai4 [Jyutping]
    pull down window blinds
  5. to transport by vehicle; to haul; to carry on a vehicle
  6. to play (a bowed instrument, an accordion, etc.)
    拉二胡  ―  lā èrhú  ―  to play the erhu
    我不會拉小提琴。 [MSC, trad.]
    我不会拉小提琴。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ bùhuì lā xiǎotíqín. [Pinyin]
    I don't know how to play the violin.
  7. to drag out; to draw out
  8. (Mainland China) to owe; to be in arrears
  9. to lead (a group to a place); to move (a group to a place)
  10. to help; to lend (a hand)
  11. to invite; to recruit
  12. to drag in; to implicate
  13. to draw in; to canvass; to solicit; to attract
  14. to organize (a group); to form (a group)
  15. (Cantonese) to arrest
  16. (dialectal) to bring up; to raise
  17. (Mainland China, colloquial) to chat
    拉家常  ―  lā jiācháng  ―  to chitchat
  18. † (onomatopoeia) The sound of wind.
  19. to excrete
    拉大便  ―  lā dàbiàn  ―  to poo
  20. (Hong Kong, Internet slang) to cause a thread to sink to the bottom of list of threads; to "pull"
    Synonym: pull
    Antonyms: 推 (teoi1), push
  21. (dated Shanghainese) Used to mark the perfective aspect.
    Synonyms: 拉哉, 拉哩
    勿吃要罰個！吃拉哉。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    勿吃要罚个！吃拉哉。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    From: 2010, Qian Nairong, 《從〈滬語便商〉所見的老上海話時態》 (Tenses and Aspects? Old Shanghainese as Found in the Book Huyu Bian Shang)
    If you didn't eat you would be punished! Finish the food (ie. have the food be finished).
  22. a surname
Synonyms
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  • (to pull):
Dialectal synonyms of 拉 (“to pull; to tug”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 拉, 挽
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 抻, 扽
Taiwan 拉
Singapore 拉
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 抻, 拉
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 拉, 抻, 扯
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 扯, 拉
Wuhan 拉, 扯, 𠡒
Guilin 扯
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 拽, 扽, 拉
Hefei 拉, 拽
Cantonese Guangzhou 拉, 掹
Hong Kong 拉, 掹
Yangjiang 掹, 拉
Singapore (Guangfu) 拉
Gan Nanchang 扯, 𠡒
Hakka Meixian 挷
Jin Taiyuan 扯
Northern Min Jian'ou 拔, 揄
Eastern Min Fuzhou 拔
Southern Min Xiamen 搝, 擢
Quanzhou 搝, 擢
Zhangzhou 搝, 擢
Taipei 搝
New Taipei (Sanxia) 搝
Kaohsiung 搝
Yilan 搝
Changhua (Lukang) 搝
Taichung 搝
Tainan 搝, 擢
Hsinchu 搝
Kinmen 搝
Penghu (Magong) 搝
Penang (Hokkien) 搝, 擢
Singapore (Hokkien) 搝
Manila (Hokkien) 拔
Chaozhou 𠡒
Wu Shanghai 拉
Suzhou 拉
Ningbo 拉, 𠡒
Wenzhou 拉, 𢱋, 𠡒
Xiang Changsha 扯, 悶
Shuangfeng 扯
  • (to play a stringed instrument):
Dialectal synonyms of 拉 (“to play (a stringed instrument, e.g. the erhu)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 拉
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 拉
Singapore 拉
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 拉
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 拉
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 拉
Xi'an 拉
Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 拉
Southwestern Mandarin Wuhan 鋸
Guiyang 扯
Liuzhou 扯
Cantonese Guangzhou 拉
Hong Kong 拉
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 拉
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 扯
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 牙
Taishan 拉
Gan Lichuan 扯
Pingxiang 鋸, 扯
Hakka Meixian 鋸
Dongguan (Qingxi) 拉
Heyuan (Bendihua) 拉
Wengyuan 拉
Liannan 拉
Jiexi 挨
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 牽
Changting 鋸
Wuping (Yanqian) 拉
Ninghua 鋸
Yudu 鋸
Ningdu 鋸
Tonggu (Sandu) 拉
Ganzhou (Panlong) 扯
Dayu 拉
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 鋸, 挨
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 鋸, 挨
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 挨, 鋸
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 鋸, 挨
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 挨, 鋸
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 挨
Hong Kong 拉
Mengshan (Xihe) 拉
Luchuan 拉
Jin Taiyuan 拉
Eastern Min Fuzhou 鋸
Southern Min Xiamen 拉, 挨
Quanzhou 拉, 挨
Zhangzhou 拉, 挨
Zhao'an 鋸
Tainan 挨
Longyan 牽
Raoping 鋸
Shantou 鋸
Jieyang 鋸, 牽
Haifeng 鋸
Wenchang 彈
Haikou 彈
Zhongshan Min Sanxiang 牽
Wu Shanghai 拉
Danyang 拉
Xiang Changsha 鋸
Loudi 鋸
  • (to arrest):
Dialectal synonyms of 逮捕 (“to arrest”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 逮捕, 拘捕, 捕捉, 緝捕, 捉拿
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 逮, 抓
Taiwan 捉, 抓
Singapore 捉, 抓
Cantonese Guangzhou 拉
Hong Kong 拉
Singapore (Guangfu) 拉
Hakka Meixian 捉
Southern Min Xiamen 緝掠
Quanzhou 網, 網董
Tainan 掠
Penang (Hokkien) 掠
Singapore (Hokkien) 掠
Manila (Hokkien) 掠
Singapore (Teochew) 掠
Wu Shanghai 捕
Ningbo 揢
Wenzhou 拔

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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拉

  1. (Mainland China) to cut; to slit; to slash
    alt. forms: 剌

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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拉

  1. (Mainland China, colloquial) section; part

Etymology 4

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Monosyllabicization of 垃垃.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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拉 (Huzhounese)

  1. to be at; to be in
  2. at; in
  3. used to indicate the continuative aspect
  4. used to indicate the perfective aspect
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 在 (“at, in”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 於
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 在
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 在, 挨, 跟, 的
Taiwan 在
Harbin 在
Malaysia 在
Singapore 在
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 在, 從
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 在
Xi'an 在
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 在
Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 在
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 在
Wuhan 在
Guiyang 在
Guilin 在
Liuzhou 在
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 在
Yangzhou 在
Rugao 吖
Hefei 在
Cantonese Guangzhou 喺, 響
Hong Kong 喺, 響
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 喺, 在
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 喺, 響
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 在
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 在
Macau 喺
Guangzhou (Panyu) 喺, 響
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 響, 喺
Guangzhou (Conghua) 在
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 在
Foshan 喺, 響
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 喺, 響
Foshan (Shunde) 喺
Foshan (Sanshui) 喺
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 喺, 響
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 在
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 在
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 響, 揀
Zhuhai (Doumen) 揀
Jiangmen (Baisha) 喺
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 喺
Taishan 到, 響
Kaiping (Chikan) 到, 響
Enping (Niujiang) 到, 響
Heshan (Yayao) 響
Dongguan 響, 在, 喺
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 在
Yangjiang 在
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 喺, 響
Singapore (Guangfu) 喺
Gan Nanchang 在
Lichuan 在
Pingxiang 在
Hakka Meixian 嗨
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 在
Dongguan (Qingxi) 在
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 在
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 在
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 在
Yudu 在
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 在
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 在
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 在
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 在
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 在
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 在
Hong Kong 在
Senai (Huiyang) 在
Kuching (Hepo) 在
Singapore (Dabu) 在
Jin Taiyuan 在
Xinzhou 在
Northern Min Jian'ou 到
Eastern Min Fuzhou 著, 在, 洽
Fuqing 著, 洽
Singapore (Fuqing) 著
Southern Min Xiamen 佇, 踮, 蹛
Quanzhou 佇, 踮, 蹛
Zhangzhou 佇, 咧, 蹛
Zhao'an 佇, 蹛
Taipei 佇
New Taipei (Sanxia) 佇
Kaohsiung 佇
Yilan 佇
Changhua (Lukang) 佇
Taichung 佇
Tainan 佇, 踮, 蹛
Hsinchu 佇
Kinmen 佇
Penghu (Magong) 佇
Penang (Hokkien) 佇, 蹛
Singapore (Hokkien) 佇, 壏
Manila (Hokkien) 佇, 踮
Chaozhou 在
Shantou 在
Shantou (Chenghai) 在
Shantou (Chaoyang) 在
Jieyang 在, 壏, 放
Haifeng 著
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 在
Singapore (Teochew) 在, 壏
Leizhou 佇, 放
Wenchang 佇
Singapore (Hainanese) 佇
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 在
Wu Shanghai 垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該, 垃浪
Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) 垃該, 拉
Shanghai (Songjiang) 立垃, 勒嵌
Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) 垃, 垃垃
Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong) 垃該
Shanghai (Fengxian) 垃該
Shanghai (Jinshan) 有垃, 垃該
Shanghai (Qingpu) 勒拉
Shanghai (Jiading) 勒, 浪, 勒浪, 勒搭
Shanghai (Chongming) 勒勒, 勒
Suzhou 勒, 勒勒, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒篤
Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) 勒, 勒海, 勒拉, 勒浪
Wuxi 勒, 來勒, 勒娘, 勒裡
Changshu 勒笃, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪
Kunshan 勒, 勒浪, 勒海
Qidong 勒
Qidong (Lüsi) 在, 來, 來該
Haimen 勒, 勒特, 勒海, 勒勒
Haimen (Sijia) 來, 來到
Rudong 勒, 勒勒
Pinghu 勒, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒化, 來, 來海, 來浪, 來化
Haining (Xiashi) 有起霍, 有起, 有垃, 起勒, 起, 勒, 起霍
Haiyan 勒, 勒勒
Changzhou 勒, 勒蕩, 勒娘, 勒頭, 漏
Liyang 立
Jintan 在, 則
Danyang 在, 則
Jingjiang 來, 勒
Jiangyin 勒, 勒勒
Gaochun 來, 拉, 垃, 得, 擱
Huzhou 拉
Deqing 垃, 垃好, 來該, 來東, 拉好, 有好
Deqing (Geting) 拉
Hangzhou 勒, 勒哈, 來搭, 來東, 在
Hangzhou (Lin'an) 來, 來埭, 來同
Hangzhou (Fuyang) 勒, 勒裡, 勒帶, 勒底
Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) 來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
Tonglu 來, 來裡, 來夯
Shaoxing 來帶, 來埭, 來東, 來同, 來夯, 帶, 埭, 東, 同, 夯
Shaoxing (Keqiao) 來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
Zhuji 來克, 來客, 勒克, 勒客, 克, 客
Shengzhou 來, 來帶, 來東, 來夯
Xinchang 來固, 來蒙, 來頭
Ningbo 來, 來勒, 來的, 來對, 來東, 來當, 來該
Ningbo (Zhenhai) 來
Ningbo (Beilun) 來, 來該, 來的, 來對, 來當
Ningbo (Yinzhou) 立該, 來, 來的, 來該
Yuyao 來, 得, 來浪
Ninghai 來的
Zhoushan (Dinghai) 勒
Wenzhou 是
Xiang Changsha 在
Loudi 在
Shuangfeng 在
Dialectal synonyms of 正在 (“in the process of; currently”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 正在, 刻正
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 正在, 在
Taiwan 正在, 在
Malaysia 正在, 在
Singapore 正在, 在
Southwestern Mandarin Guilin 在
Cantonese Guangzhou 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
Hong Kong 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
Singapore (Guangfu) 喺度
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 在該, 當在
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 當, 在該
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 在該
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 在該
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 在該
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 正在, 在遐
Eastern Min Fuzhou 著𡅏, 𡅏
Fuqing 著𡅏
Singapore (Fuqing) 著𡅏
Southern Min Xiamen 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
Quanzhou 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
Zhangzhou 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 當時
Tainan 佇咧, 咧, 當咧
Penang (Hokkien) 佇
Singapore (Hokkien) 佇, 佇咧
Manila (Hokkien) 佇咧, 咧
Shantou 在
Shantou (Chaoyang) 在
Singapore (Teochew) 在
Wu Shanghai 垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該
Ningbo 來, 來的, 來該, 來當, 來東, 來勒
Wenzhou 是, 是搭
Dialectal synonyms of 著 (“(particle indicating the continuation of an action or a state)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 著
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 著
Taiwan 著
Harbin 著
Singapore 著
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 著
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 著
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 著
Xi'an 著
Xuzhou 著
Southwestern Mandarin Wuhan 倒
Guiyang 倒
Guilin 倒
Liuzhou 倒, 穩
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 著
Cantonese Guangzhou 緊
Hong Kong 緊
Singapore (Guangfu) 緊
Gan Nanchang 倒
Hakka Meixian 等
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 等
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 等
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 等
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 緊
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 等
Kuching (Hepo) 緊
Jin Taiyuan 著
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 緊
Wu Shanghai 勒海, 勒該
Ningbo 的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼
Zhoushan 底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼

Etymology 5

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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拉

  1. Alternative form of 落 (là)
  2. Used in 拉拉蛄, alternative form of 蝲蝲蛄 (làlàgǔ)

Etymology 6

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Pronunciation

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simp. and trad.
 拉
alternative forms 啦

Definitions

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拉

  1. A verbal suffix.

Etymology 7

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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拉

  1. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to release; to untie; to loosen; to get untied; to come loose

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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拉

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. to drag
  2. to pull
  3. to draw
  4. to carry off
  5. to crush
  6. Used in phonetic transcription of foreign words.

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 拉 (MC lop).

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

拉 (eumhun 끌 랍 (kkeul rap), word-initial (South Korea) 끌 납 (kkeul nap))

  1. Hanja form? of 랍/납 (“to pull”).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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拉: Hán Việt readings: lạp (落(lạc)合(hợp)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
拉: Nôm readings: sắp[1][2][3][4][5], dập[1][2][3][4], lớp[1][2][3][4], rập[1][2][3][4], rắp[1][2][3][4], lấp[1][2][3], lợp[1][3][4], sụp[1][3][4], lắp[3][4][5], giập[1][3], ráp[2][3], loạt[3][4], rợp[1], sập[1], láp[3], lọp[3], đập[3], xập[3], xệp[3], lạp[4], rấp[5]

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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