छुनु

Nepali

Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇 (chuvaï), from Sanskrit छुपति (chupati).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [t͡sʰunu]
• Phonetic Devanagari: छुनु

Verb

छुनु • (chunu)

1. to touch
2. to affect, influence
3. to criticize
4. to have sexual relations with
5. to pollute, defile (by touching)

Conjugation

Conjugation of छुनु [t͡sʰunu]

Information
Primary stem			छु- [t͡sʰu-]
Secondary stem			छो- [t͡sʰo-]
Conjugation type			3rd conjugation: vowel-ending stem, irregular.
Non-finite forms
Infinitives			छुनु [t͡sʰunu] छुन‍ [t͡sʰunʌ]
Participles			Affirmative (+)	Negative (–)
	Conjunctive		छोएर [t͡sʰoeɾʌ] छोई [t͡sʰoi] छोईकन‍ [t͡sʰoikʌnʌ]	नछोएर‍ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoeɾʌ] नछोई [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoi] नछोईकन‍ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoikʌnʌ]
	1st Perfect	m. sing.	छोएको [t͡sʰoeko]	नछोएको [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoeko]
		f. sing.	छोएकी [t͡sʰoeki]	नछोएकी [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoeki]
		pl.	छोएका [t͡sʰoekä]	नछोएका [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoekä]
		high-resp.	छुनुभएको [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌeko]	नछुनुभएको [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌeko]
	2nd Perfect	normal	छोए [t͡sʰoe]	नछोए [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoe]
		high-resp.	छुनुभए [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌe]	नछुनुभए [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌe]
	Imperfect	normal	छुदा [t͡sʰud̪ä] छुदै [t͡sʰud̪ʌi̯] छुदो [t͡sʰud̪o]	नछुदा [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰud̪ä] नछुदै [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰud̪ʌi̯] नछुदो [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰud̪o]
		high-resp.	छुनुहुँदा [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ä] छुनुहुँदै [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ʌi̯] छुनुहुँदो [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪o]	नछुनुहुँदा [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ä] नछुनुहुँदै [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ʌi̯] नछुनुहुँदो [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦũd̪o]
	Infinitival	normal	छुने [t͡sʰune]	नछुने [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰune]
		high-resp.	छुनुहुने [t͡sʰunuɦune]	नछुनुहुने [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦune]
	Absolutive		छोइ [t͡sʰoi]

Finite forms of छुनु [t͡sʰunu]
Person			1st				2nd				3rd				2nd & 3rd
Pronoun			म SING.		हामी PL.		तँ LOW-RESP. SING.		तिमी MID-RESP.		ऊ LOW-RESP. SING.		उनी MID-RESP.		तपाईं / ऊहाँ HIGH-RESP.
			m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f
Present		+	छुन्छु [t͡sʰunt͡sʰu]		छुन्छौं [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		छुन्छस् [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌs]	छुन्छेस् [t͡sʰunt͡sʰes]	छुन्छौ [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌu̯]	छुन्छ्यौ [t͡sʰunt͡sʰeu̯]	छुन्छ [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌʌ]	छुन्छे [t͡sʰunt͡sʰe]	छुन्छन् [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌn]	छुन्छिन् [t͡sʰunt͡sʰin]	छुनुहुन्छ [t͡sʰunuɦunt͡sʰʌ]
		–	छुँदिनँ [t͡sʰũd̪inʌ̃]		छुँदैनौं [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯]		छुँदैनस् [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌs]	छुँदिनेस् [t͡sʰũd̪ines]	छुँदैनौ [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌu̯]	छुँदिनौ [t͡sʰũd̪inʌu̯]	छुँदैन [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌ]	छुँदिने [t͡sʰũd̪ine]	छुँदैनन् [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌn]	छुँदिनन् [t͡sʰũd̪inʌn]	छुनुहुँदैन [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ]
			छुन्नँ [t͡sʰunnʌ̃]		छुन्नौं [t͡sʰunnʌ̃ũ̯]		छुन्नस् [t͡sʰunnʌs]		छुन्नौ [t͡sʰunnʌu̯]		छुन्न [t͡sʰunnʌ]		छुन्नन् [t͡sʰunnʌn]		छुनुहुन्न [t͡sʰunuɦunnʌ]
Past	Simple	+	छोएं [t͡sʰoẽ]		छोयौं [t͡sʰoẽũ̯]		छोइस् [t͡sʰois]		छोयौ [t͡sʰoeu̯]		छोयो [t͡sʰojo]	छोई [t͡sʰoi]	छोए [t͡sʰoe]	छोइन् [t͡sʰoin]	छुनुभयो [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌjo]
		–	छोइनँ [t͡sʰoinʌ̃]		छोएनौं [t͡sʰoenʌ̃ũ̯]		छोएनस् [t͡sʰoenʌs]	छोइनेस् [t͡sʰoines]	छोएनौ [t͡sʰoenʌu̯]		छोएन [t͡sʰoenʌ]	छोइने [t͡sʰoine]	छोएनन् [t͡sʰoenʌn]	छोइनन् [t͡sʰoinʌn]	छुनुभएन [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌenʌ]
	Habitual	+	छुन्थें [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰẽ]		छुन्थ्यौं [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰẽũ̯]		छुन्थिस् [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰis]		छुन्थ्यौ [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰeu̯]		छुन्थ्यो [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰjo]	छुन्थी [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰi]	छुन्थे [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰe]	छुन्थिन् [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰin]	छुनुहुन्थ्यो [t͡sʰunuɦun̪t̪ʰjo]
		–	छुँदिनथें [t͡sʰũd̪inʌt̪ʰẽ]		छुँदैनथ्यौं [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰẽũ̯]		छुँदैनथिस् [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰis]	छुँदिनथिस् [t͡sʰũd̪inʌt̪ʰis]	छुँदैनथ्यौ [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰeu̯]	छुँदिनथ्यौ [t͡sʰũd̪inʌt̪ʰeu̯]	छुँदैनथ्यो [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo]	छुँदैनथी [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰi]	छुँदैनथे [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰe]	छुँदिनथिन् [t͡sʰũd̪inʌt̪ʰin]	छुनुहुँदैनथ्यो [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo]
			छुन्नथें [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰẽ]		छुन्नथ्यौं [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰẽũ̯]		छुन्नथिस् [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰis]		छुन्नथ्यौ [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰeu̯]		छुन्नथ्यो [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰjo]	छुन्नथी [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰi]	छुन्नथे [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰe]	छुन्नथिन् [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰin]	छुनुहुन्नथ्यो [t͡sʰunuɦunnʌt̪ʰjo]
	Unknown	+	छोएछु [t͡sʰoet͡sʰu]	छोइछु [t͡sʰoit͡sʰu]	छोएछौं [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		छोएछस् [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌs]	छोइछेस् [t͡sʰoit͡sʰes]	छोएछौ [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌu̯]		छोएछ [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌ]	छोइछे [t͡sʰoit͡sʰe]	छोएछन् [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌn]	छोइछिन् [t͡sʰoit͡sʰin]	छुनुभएछ [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌet͡sʰʌ]
		–	छोएनछु [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰu]	छोइनछु [t͡sʰoinʌt͡sʰu]	छोएनछौं [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		छोएनछस् [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌs]	छोइनछेस् [t͡sʰoinʌt͡sʰes]	छोएनछौ [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌu̯]		छोएनछ [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌ]	छोइनछे [t͡sʰoinʌt͡sʰe]	छोएनछन् [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌn]	छोइनछिन् [t͡sʰoinʌt͡sʰin]	छुनुभएनछ [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ]
Future	Definite	+	छुनेछु [t͡sʰunet͡sʰu]		छुनेछौं [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯]		छुनेछस् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌs]	छुनेछेस् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰes]	छुनेछौ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌu̯]	छुनेछ्यौ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰeu̯]	छुनेछ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌ]	छुनेछे [t͡sʰunet͡sʰe]	छुनेछन् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌn]	छुनेछिन् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰin]	छुनुहुनेछ [t͡sʰunuɦunet͡sʰʌ]
		–	छुनेछैनँ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃]		छुनेछैनौं [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯]		छुनेछैनस् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌs]	छुनेछैनेस् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nes]	छुनेछैनौ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯]		छुनेछैन [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ]		छुनेछैनन् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌn]		छुनुहुनेछैन [t͡sʰunuɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ]
	Indefinite	+	छोउँला [t͡sʰoũlä]	छोउँली [t͡sʰoũli]	छोऔंला [t͡sʰoʌ̃ũ̯lä]		छोलास् [t͡sʰoläs]	छोलिस् [t͡sʰolis]	छोऔला, छोलाउ [t͡sʰoʌu̯lä, t͡sʰoläu̯]	छोऔली, छोलेउ [t͡sʰoʌu̯li, t͡sʰoleu̯]	छोला [t͡sʰolä]	छोली [t͡sʰoli]	छोलान्, छोनन् [t͡sʰolän, t͡sʰonʌn]	छोलिन्, छोनिन् [t͡sʰolin, t͡sʰonin]	छुनुहोला [t͡sʰunuɦolä]
		–	छोओइनँ [t͡sʰooi̯nʌ̃]		छोओइनौं [t͡sʰooi̯nʌ̃ũ̯]		छोओइनस् [t͡sʰooi̯nʌs]		छोओइनौ [t͡sʰooi̯nʌu̯]		छोओइन [t͡sʰooi̯nʌ]		छोओइनन् [t͡sʰooi̯nʌn]		छुनुहोओइन [t͡sʰunuɦooi̯nʌ]
			नछोउँला [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoũlä]	नछोउँली [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoũli]	नछोऔंला [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoʌ̃ũ̯lä]		नछोलास् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoläs]	नछोलिस् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰolis]	नछोऔला, नछोलाउ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoʌu̯lä, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoläu̯]	नछोऔली, नछोलेउ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoʌu̯li, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoleu̯]	नछोला [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰolä]	नछोली [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoli]	नछोलान्, नछोनन् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰolän, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰonʌn]	नछोलिन्, नछोनिन् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰolin, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰonin]	नछुनुहोला [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦolä]
Injunctive		+	छोऊँ [t͡sʰoũ]		छोऔं, छोऊँ [t͡sʰoʌ̃ũ̯, t͡sʰoũ]		छो, छोएस्, छोए [t͡sʰo, t͡sʰoes, t͡sʰoe]		छोऊ, छोओ, छोए [t͡sʰou, t͡sʰoo, t͡sʰoe]		छोओस् [t͡sʰoos]		छोऊन् [t͡sʰoun]		छुनुहोओस् [t͡sʰunuɦoos]
		–	नछोऊँ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoũ]		नछोऔं, नछोऊँ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoʌ̃ũ̯, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoũ]		नछो, नछोएस्, नछोए [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰo, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoes, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoe]		नछोऊ, नछोओ, नछोए [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰou, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoo, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoe]		नछोओस् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoos]		नछोऊन् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoun]		नछुनुहोओस् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦoos]
Imperative		+	—		—		छो [t͡sʰo]		छोऊ, छोओ [t͡sʰou, t͡sʰoo]		—		—		छुनुहोस्, छुनोस् [t͡sʰunuɦos, t͡sʰunos]
		–	—		—		नछो [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰo]		नछोऊ, नछोओ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰou, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoo]		—		—		नछुनुहोस्, नछुनोस् [nʌt͡sʰunuɦos, nʌt͡sʰunos]

References

• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “छुनु”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar