ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ

Proto-Norse

Alternative forms

• ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ /⁠bᵃrȳtʀ⁠/) (younger form, merged with the 2nd singular)

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *briutidi, the 3rd singular present indicative of *breutaną. The A present in between the b and r represents a svarabhakti (epenthetic) vowel, which however is not seen in the Old Norse orthography (brýt-) or in cognate words (such as Old English brēotan). Compare ᚢᚦᛡᚱᛡᛒᛡ (uþᴀrᴀbᴀ /⁠ūþarᵃβa⁠/), ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ /⁠hᵃrabᵃnaʀ⁠/).

Verb

ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ /bᵃriutiþ/) (3rd singular present indicative)

1. [he/she/it] breaks, destroys
   • 500s-600s Stentoften Runestone

     […] ᚺᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᚢᛞᛋᛡᚦᛡᛏ ¶ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ
     […] herᴀmᴀlᴀsᴀzᴀrᴀgeuwelᴀdudsᴀþᴀt ¶ bᴀriutiþ

     […] herᵃmalausᵃʀ arᵃgiu, wēladauðē, sa þat bᵃriutiþ.

     […] Defenceless by [reason of] perversity, [condemned] to insidious death, [is] he [who] breaks this.

Usage notes

• Whereas the older form ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ, used on the Stentoften Runestone, is inherited from the Proto-Germanic 3rd singular present indicative *briutidi, the younger form ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ /⁠bᵃrȳtʀ⁠/), used on the Björketorp Runestone, comes from the Proto-Germanic 2nd singular present indicative *briutizi. This is due to a merger of the 3rd singular into the 2nd singular in the present tense of most verbs, fully completed in the Old Norse descendant, where both the 2nd and 3rd singular have the form brýtr (< ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ < *briutizi).