Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/abūl

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Alternative reconstructions

*abalom^[1]

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *aplaz and Proto-Balto-Slavic *āˀbōl.^[2]^[3]

Noun

*abūl n

apple

Reconstruction notes

Originally *abūl should have inflected as a masculine amphikinetic l-stem, as in Proto-Indo-European. The weak stem *abal- could be generalised from the original dative plural *abl̥bom. Or, if *abūl was a collective, from a coexisting proterokinetic singular *abl̥, *abelos, from which the neuter gender would also be derived.^[2]^[3]

Declension

Neuter consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*abūl	*abale	*abala
vocative	*abūl	*abale	*abala
accusative	*abūl	*abale	*abala
genitive	*abalos	*abalou	*abalom
dative	*abalē	*abalobom	*abalobos
locative	*abali	*?	*?
instrumental	*abale?	*abalobim	*abalobis

Derived terms

*abalnā

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *aβal
- Old Breton: abal
  - Middle Breton: aval
    - Breton: aval
- Cornish: aval
- Middle Welsh: aual
  - Welsh: afal
Old Irish: ubull
- Middle Irish: uball
  - Irish: úll
  - Manx: ooyl
  - Scottish Gaelic: ubhal
Gaulish: *abalo-

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 23
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 David Stifter (2020) “Old Irish etymology through the ages”, in Language & History, volume 63, number 1, Taylor Francis, pages 24-46
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂eb-(e/ō̆)l-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 262-64

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 23

[Stifter-2] 2.0 ^2.1 David Stifter (2020) “Old Irish etymology through the ages”, in Language & History, volume 63, number 1, Taylor Francis, pages 24-46

[NIL-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂eb-(e/ō̆)l-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 262-64

[1]

[2]

[3]