Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/annketi

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

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Alternative reconstructions

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  • *īnketi (assuming Narten present)
  • *anketi (EDPC)

Etymology

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From Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (to reach).[1]

One of the most controversial terms in Proto-Celtic to reconstruct, only outmatched by *essi in controversy. The main problem comes from the vowel of Old Irish ·icc, whose presence of i- is irregular, since all possible initials ank-, enk- and ink- all normally become éc- in Old Irish.

The mainstream reconstruction, *annketi, was introduced by Peter Schrijver in the 1990s and has remained the most popular theory since. It places faith in the assumption that *annk- would result in a different outcome in the daughter languages to that of *ank-. Kim McCone, rejecting the now-mainstream reconstruction, has attempted to position Middle Irish con·téici (to freeze) as counterevidence by reconstructing *tannketi for it, comparing the verb to Sanskrit तनक्ति (tanakti, to coagulate). However, EDPC points out that a pre-Irish denominal formation *tankīti is enough to beget con·téici, removing the supposed counterevidence.

Verb

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*annketi[2]

  1. to reach

Inflection

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Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *annkū *annkemam *īnxsū *ānonka
2nd singular *annkesi *annketās *īnxsesi *ānonkas?
3rd singular *annketi *annketo *īnxseti *ānonke
1st plural *annkomosi *annkemo *īnxsomosi *ānonkmo
2nd plural *annketesi *annkestē *īnxsetesi *ānonxte
3rd plural *annkonti *annkento *īnxsonti *ānonkars
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *īnxsū ?
2nd singular *īnxsesi ? *annke
3rd singular *īnxseti ? *annketou
1st plural *īnxsomosi ? *annkomos
2nd plural *īnxsetesi ? *annkete
3rd plural *īnxsonti ? *annkontou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *annkūr *īnxsūr *ānonkra
2nd singular *annketar *īnxsetar *ānonkras?
3rd singular *annketor ? *īnxsetor *ānonkre
1st plural *annkommor *īnxsommor ?
2nd plural *annkedwe *īnxsedwe ?
3rd plural *annkontor ? *īnxsontor ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *īnxsūr
2nd singular *īnxsetar
3rd singular *īnxsetor
1st plural *īnxsommor
2nd plural *īnxsedwe
3rd plural *īnxsontor
Declension of the past participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *anxtos *anxtou *anxtoi
vocative *anxte *anxtou *anxtoi
accusative *anxtom *anxtou *anxtoms
genitive *anxtī *anxtous *anxtom
dative *anxtūi *anxtobom *anxtobos
instrumental *anxtū *anxtobim *anxtobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *anxtā *anxtai *anxtās
vocative *anxtā *anxtai *anxtās
accusative *anxtam *anxtai *anxtams
genitive *anxtās *anxtous *anxtom
dative *anxtai *anxtābom *anxtābos
instrumental *? *anxtābim *anxtābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *anxtom *anxtou *anxtā
vocative *anxtom *anxtou *anxtā
accusative *anxtom *anxtou *anxtā
genitive *anxtī *anxtous *anxtom
dative *anxtūi *anxtobom *anxtobos
instrumental *anxtū *anxtobim *anxtobis

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Old Irish: ·icc (in various derived verbs)

References

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  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ank-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
  2. ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 200-204