Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/soomi
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic edit
Alternative forms edit
- *sooma (possibly, based on the derived term)
Etymology edit
From earlier *sämä; cognate with Proto-Samic *sāmē.[1][2][3][4] Further etymology uncertain. Several theories have been proposed (mostly incompatible with the currently accepted proto-form *sämä), but none have been accepted.
One theory, proposed by Koivulehto among others, stated that the word originated from Baltic *šāma-, via Pre-Proto-Finnic *šämä from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē (“ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm; the vowel correspondences being explained by reborrowing back and forth, possibly with a late Proto-Germanic borrowing. The progress would have roughly been Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm > Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē (“ground”) → Pre-Proto-Finnic *šämä (> Proto-Finnic *hämä, Proto-Samic *sāmē) → Proto-Balto-Slavic *šāma- (or *sāma-, in view of Latvian sāms (“Finn, Öselian (inhabitant of Saaremaa)”), Latvian sāmenis (“northern wind”) and dialectal Lithuanian sómenis (“northwestern wind”), unless the Lithuanian word is a borrowing from Latvian) → (through Proto-Germanic?) Proto-Finnic *sooma.[5] Koivulehto originally proposed that Proto-Balto-Slavic *šāma- would have been borrowed through Proto-Samic specifically.[6] However, this theory assumes an improbable back-and-forth chain of borrowings, relying on too many unconfirmed assumptions, and thus has to be rejected (especially in light of current information).[7][4]
Another theory proposed an origin from an earlier supposed *ćoma (“human”), either borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ or from pre-Proto-Balto-Slavic *ǵʰom-yā-.[7] With the new information that the earlier form is actually *sämä, these too have to be rejected.[3]
Antique ad-hoc proposals that the word is derived from *soo-maa (literally “fen land”) or *soo-neemi (literally “fen cape”), or from *soomu (“(fish) scale”) have long been considered untenable.
Noun edit
*soomi
- person from Southwest Finland
- (later) ? Finn in general
Inflection edit
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *soomi | *soomët | |
| accusative | *soomën | *soomët | |
| genitive | *soomën | *soondën *soomidën | |
| partitive | *soonta | *soomida | |
| inessive | *soomëssa *soomëhna |
*soomissa *soomihna | |
| elative | *soomësta | *soomista | |
| illative | *soomëhën | *soomihën | |
| adessive | *soomëlla | *soomilla | |
| ablative | *soomëlta | *soomilta | |
| allative | *soomëlën *soomëlëk |
*soomilën *soomilëk | |
| essive | *soomëna | *soomina | |
| translative | *soomëksi | *soomiksi | |
| instructive | *soomën | *soomin | |
| comitative | *soomënëk | *soominëk | |
| abessive | *soomëtta | *soomitta | |
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
- Estonian: soome, Soome
- Finnish: suomi, Suomi (see there for further descendants)
- Ingrian: soomi, Soomi
- Karelian: šuomi, Šuomi
- Livonian: sūom
- Livvi: suomi, Suomi
- Veps: suomi
- Võro: Soomõ
- Votic: soomi, Soomi
- → Latgalian: suomeja
- → Samogitian: Soumėjė, Suomėjė
Further reading edit
- Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words][3] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
- Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN
References edit
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas, editor (2021–2023), “Suomi”, in Suomen etymologinen sanakirja [Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 72)[1] (in Finnish), Kotimaisten kielten keskus, →ISSN
- ^ Sanojen alkuperästä: Suomi. Kotimaisten kielten keskus.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kallio, Petri, in lectures at the University of Helsinki.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pystynen, Juho. Itämerensuomen pitkien vokaalien alkuperä (2018). Master's thesis. University of Helsinki. p. 84.
- ^ de Smit, Merlijn (unpublished draft) “De Vanitate Etymologiae. On the origins of Suomi, Häme, Sápmi.”, in Academia.edu[2], Academia, Inc.
- ^ Koivulehto, Jorma. Suomi (1993). Virittäjä, volume 97, issue 3.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kallio, Petri. Suomi(ttavia etymologioita) (1998). Virittäjä, volume 102, issue 4.