Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰéǵʰōm
Proto-Indo-European
editEtymology
editHowever, Kloekhorst argues that the Sanskrit and Anatolian evidence point towards a reconstruction of the root *dʰeǵ- as opposed to *dʰeǵʰ- on the basis that:
- In the Sanskrit oblique stem jm-, -j- must reflect *ǵ-, and cannot reflect *ǵʰ-, which would regularly give -h- in all positions.
- The long vowel in the Hittite nom. sg. [tēkan] suggests a "voiced unaspirated" (pre-glottalised) velar. See Kloekhorst (2012).
- The *ǵʰ- reconstructable from Latin, Germanic and Greek can be explained in the glottalic theory as a simplification of the cluster *dʰǵ /dˀɡ/ to *dʰǵʰ /dɡ/. The opposite development is much less likely.
It should be noted, however, that the glottalic theory is not generally accepted.
A phonetically difficult but possible connection is with *(s)teǵ- (“to cover”), with devoicing of *dʰ to *t via Siebs' law.[1]
Noun
edit*dʰéǵʰōm f[2]
Inflection
editAccording to Ringe:
Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *dʰéǵʰōm | ||
genitive | *ǵʰmés | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *dʰéǵʰōm | — | — |
vocative | *dʰéǵʰom | — | — |
accusative | *dʰéǵʰōm | — | — |
genitive | *ǵʰmés | — | — |
ablative | *ǵʰmés | — | — |
dative | *ǵʰméy | — | — |
locative | *ǵʰém, *ǵʰémi | — | — |
instrumental | *ǵʰméh₁ | — | — |
Notes:
- Nom. from **dʰéǵʰoms
- Acc. from **dʰéǵʰomm̥
The Hittite evidence suggests a regular hysterokinetic inflection; Kloekhorst reconstructs the original paradigm as:
- Nom. sg. *dʰéǵ-m-
- Acc. sg. *dʰǵ-ém-m
- Gen. sg. *dʰǵ-m-és
Synonyms
editDerived terms
edit- *dʰǵʰom-o-[3]
- *dʰǵʰem-elo-
- *dʰǵʰom-yos
- *(dʰ)ǵʰm̥-yéh₂
- *(dʰ)ǵʰm̥(m)-ṓ (“earthling, human”)
- *dʰǵʰ(é)m-er
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰ(á)mar
Descendants
edit- Proto-Albanian: *dzō < *dʰgʰōm (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian: *déǵm̥
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ցամաք (cʻamakʻ, “dry; dry land”) (possibly)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źémē, *źémijā < (accusative) *ǵʰem-m̥ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *zemľa < *ǵʰðʰem-
- Proto-Celtic: *gdū < *gdō, *gdon- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰtʰṓn
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰáHs < *dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰáHs
- Proto-Iranian: *jáHs
- Eastern Iranian:
- Northeastern Iranian:
- Southeastern Iranian:
- Northwestern Iranian: *jáHs-īkah
- Baluchi: زمین (zamín), زمیگ (zamíg)
- Kurdish:/zavī ~ zawī/
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
- Southwestern Iranian: > *jáHs-īkah
- Middle Persian: (/damīg/)
- Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dmyk')
- Classical Persian: دمیک (damīk)
- Middle Persian: (/damīg/)
- Proto-Tocharian: *tken (see there for further descendants)
References
edit- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2014) “Proto-Indo-European “thorn”-clusters”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics[1], volume 127, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 45.1
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 156
Further reading
edit- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 859f
- Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “c‘amak‘”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 621–623