Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/ulko

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Permic *ulka(-w). Cognates include Proto-Samic [Term?] (Northern Sami olgu, Ume Sami ulks) and Komi-Zyrian ылавны (ylavny).

Noun

*ulko

1. outsides, outside

   Antonym: *sicä

Inflection

Inflection of *ulko

Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
		singular	plural
nominative		*ulko	*ulgot
accusative		*ulgon	*ulgot
genitive		*ulgon	*ulkodën *ulkoidën
partitive		*ulkoda	*ulkoida
inessive		*ulgossa *ulgohna	*ulgoissa *ulgoihna
elative		*ulgosta	*ulgoista
illative		*ulkohën	*ulkoihën
adessive		*ulgolla	*ulgoilla
ablative		*ulgolta	*ulgoilta
allative		*ulkolën *ulkolëk	*ulkoilën *ulkoilëk
essive		*ulkona	*ulkoina
translative		*ulgoksi	*ulgoiksi
instructive		*ulgon	*ulgoin
comitative		*ulkonëk	*ulkoinëk
abessive		*ulgotta	*ulgoitta

Descendants

• Estonian: ulgu-
• Finnish: ulko-, ⇒ ulkona, ulkoa, ulos
• Ingrian: ulko-, ⇒ ulos, ulkool
• Karelian:
  • North Karelian: ulko-, ⇒ ulkona, uloš, ulloš
  • South Karelian: ulgo-, ⇒ ulgona, uloš, ulloš
• ⇒ Livonian: ullõ, uldǒ, uldzõ
• Livvi: ulgo-, ⇒ ulgon, ullos
• ⇒ Ludian: ulgoze
• ⇒ Veps: ulgostada

Further reading

• Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “ulko”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN