Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hagatusjō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly from *hagaz (“skilled, crafty”) +‎ *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-yéh₂, from *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”) (whence *deuzą (“animal, beast”). However, this devoicing is phonetically irregular. The second part is more likely from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad, evil”).

Noun

*hagatusjō f

1. (West Germanic) witch

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *hagatusjō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hagatusjō	*hagatusjôz
vocative	*hagatusjō	*hagatusjôz
accusative	*hagatusjǭ	*hagatusjōz
genitive	*hagatusjōz	*hagatusjǫ̂
dative	*hagatusjōi	*hagatusjōmaz
instrumental	*hagatusjō	*hagatusjōmiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hagatussjā, *hagatusi
  • Old English: hægtesse, hægtes, hægtess, hegtes
    • Middle English: hagge, hegge
      • English: hag
  • Old Frisian: *hegtesse, *hexe
    • Saterland Frisian: Häkse
    • West Frisian: hekse
  • Old Saxon: *hagatusia
    • Middle Low German: hexe
      • German Low German: Häxe, Hexe
      • Plautdietsch: Hakjs
      • → Danish: heks
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: heks
      • → Swedish: häxa
  • Old Dutch: *hagatissa
    • Middle Dutch: hagetisse
      • Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)
  • Old High German: hagzissa, hagazussa, hagzussa, hāzissa, hāzussa, hāzessa, hāzus
    • Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
      • German: Hexe
        • → Dutch: heks
          • Afrikaans: heks
          • → Papiamentu: hèks
        • → Polish: heks
      • Luxembourgish: Hex