Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/librō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*libarō

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smudge, stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”). Compare *lībą (“body; life”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈli.βrɔː/

Noun

*librō f

liver

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *librō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*librō	*librôz
vocative	*librō	*librôz
accusative	*librǭ	*librōz
genitive	*librōz	*librǫ̂
dative	*librōi	*librōmaz
instrumental	*librō	*librōmiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *libru
- Old English: lifer
  - Middle English: lyvere, lyver, livere
    - English: liver
    - Scots: liver
- Old Frisian: livere
  - Saterland Frisian: Líeuwer
  - West Frisian: lever
- Old Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)
  - Middle Low German: lēver
    - German Low German: Lever
    - Plautdietsch: Läwa
- Old Dutch: *levara
  - Middle Dutch: lēvere
    - Dutch: lever
      - Afrikaans: lewer
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: lefre
      - Negerhollands: leber
      - → Aukan: lebii
      - → Indonesian: lever
      - → Saramaccan: lebèn
      - → Sranan Tongo: lefre
        → Caribbean Javanese: léfer
- Old High German: lebara
  - Middle High German: leber
    - German: Leber
    - Central Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver
      - Hunsrik: Lewer
      - Luxembourgish: Liewer
    - Vilamovian: łaower
    - Yiddish: לעבער (leber)
Old Norse: lifr
- Icelandic: lifur
- Faroese: livur
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: lever
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: lever
- Old Swedish: liver
  - Swedish: lever
- Old Danish: liuær
  - Danish: lever
- Gutnish: livar, livår, livur