Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱewh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*ḱewh₁- (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to swell
to be strong

Derived terms edit

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱewh₁-‎ (13 c, 0 e)

*ḱéwh₁-t ~ *ḱuh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔκῡσᾰ (ékūsa)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáćwaHt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáśwaHt
    - Sanskrit: अश्वत् (áśvat) (possible innovation based on ह्वयते (hváyati)/अह्वत् (áhvat))
  - Proto-Iranian: *HášwaHt
    - Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (sūidiiāi, 3sg.aor.act.inf.)
*ḱe-ḱówh₁-e ~ *ḱe-ḱuh₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaćuHā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaśuHā́
    - Sanskrit: शूशुवुर् (śūśuvur, “are swollen”)
*ḱí-ḱewh₁-ti ~ *ḱí-ḱuh₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)
- *ḱiḱh₁-ú-s^[3]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíćHuš
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śíśHuṣ
      - Sanskrit: शिशु (śíśu, “child, infant”)
*ḱuh₁-éye-ti (zero-grade éye-present)^[2]^[4]^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κυέω (kuéō, “to be pregnant, become pregnant”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHáyati (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Italic: *kīje- (< (Thurneysen's rule) *kūje-)
  - Latin: inciēns (“big with young”)
*ḱuh₁-yé-ti (yé-present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHyáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *cuHyáti
    - Ossetian:
      Digor: рӕсуйун (ræsujun)
      
      Iron: рӕсыйын (ræsyjyn)
*ḱwéh₁-dʰ-o-h₁ or *ḱuh₁-o-dʰ-ó-h₁ (dual)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáHdʰaH or *ćuHādʰáH
  - Proto-Iranian: *cwáHdaH (“army”) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱéwh₁-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kūmə (“a swell, wave”)
  - Ancient Greek: κῦμα (kûma)
*n̥-ḱéwh₁-mō ~ *n̥-ḱuh₁-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *əkūmōn
  - Ancient Greek: ἀκύμων (akúmōn)
>? *ḱéwh₁-neh₂
- Proto-Celtic: *kawanā
  - Old Irish: cúan (“troop”)
*ḱuh₁-nó-s^[5]
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hūną (“top of a stick”)^[5]
  - Old English: *hūn
    - ⇒ Old English: hūnþyrel
  - Middle Dutch: hune
  - Old Norse: húnn
    - Icelandic: húnn
    - Faroese: húnn
    - Norwegian: hun, hune (dialectical)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHnás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHnás
    - Sanskrit: शुन (śuná, “thriving”)
*ḱewh₁-ró-s, *ḱuh₁-ró-s (“strong”)^[1] (or the nouns are thematicized from *ḱéwh₁-r̥?)
- Proto-Celtic: *kawaros (“hero”, noun) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kūrós (noun)
  - Ancient Greek: κῦρος (kûros, “supremacy”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHrás (“strong”, adjective) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱuh₁-ryós
- Proto-Hellenic: *kúrios (“lord, master”)
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: κύριος (kúrios, “lord, master”)
*ḱéwh₁-s ~ *ḱuh₁-s-és
- ⇒ *ḱéwh₁-os
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáwHas
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáwHas
      - Sanskrit: शवस् (śávas, “strength, power”)
    - Proto-Iranian: *cáwHah
      - Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (sauua)
- ⇒ *ḱéwh₁s-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-s-méns
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćúšma
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúṣma
      - Sanskrit: शुष्म (śúṣma, “strong”)
- ⇒ *ḱuh₁s-ó-s^[6]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHsás
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHsás
      - Sanskrit: शूष (śūṣá, “strength”)
*ḱuh₁-yó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *kuwyos (“young animal”)^[7]
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Middle Welsh: cyw
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwamH-
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwamH-
    - Sanskrit: *śvám
      - Sanskrit: शम् (śam)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑eu-, k̑eu̯ə-, k̑ū-, k̑u̯ā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 592-594
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑u̯eh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 339
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śíśu-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 641: “*ḱi-ḱuh₁-”
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κυέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 797
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hūna(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śūṣá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 652: “*ḱuh₁-s-ó-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kuwyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 231

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑eu-, k̑eu̯ə-, k̑ū-, k̑u̯ā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 592-594

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑u̯eh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 339

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śíśu-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 641: “*ḱi-ḱuh₁-”

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κυέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 797

[Kroonen-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hūna(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255

[6] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śūṣá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 652: “*ḱuh₁-s-ó-”

[7] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kuwyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 231

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