Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ós
 |
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
editEtymology 1
edit
Suffix
edit*-ós
Usage notes
edit- The root vowel is usually identical to that of the base noun, but sometimes the root vowel is zero-graded.
- The suffix vowel on the other hand is usually deleted when the possessive suffix is attached.
- Very commonly stacked on top of neuter *-es- stem nouns.
- Examples of non-*-es-stem possessive thematic adjectives across Indo-European include:
Inflection
edit| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *-ós | *-éh₂ | |
| genitive | *-ósyo | *-éh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-ós | *-óh₁ | *-óes |
| vocative | *-é | *-óh₁ | *-óes |
| accusative | *-óm | *-óh₁ | *-óms |
| genitive | *-ósyo | *? | *-óHom |
| ablative | *-éad | *? | *-ómos, *-óbʰos |
| dative | *-óey | *? | *-ómos, *-óbʰos |
| locative | *-éy, *-óy | *? | *-óysu |
| instrumental | *-óh₁ | *? | *-ṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-éh₂ | *-éh₂h₁(e) | *-éh₂es |
| vocative | *-éh₂ | *-éh₂h₁(e) | *-éh₂es |
| accusative | *-ā́m | *-éh₂h₁(e) | *-éh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *-éh₂s | *? | *-éh₂oHom |
| ablative | *-éh₂s | *? | *-éh₂mos, *-éh₂bʰos |
| dative | *-éh₂ey | *? | *-éh₂mos, *-éh₂bʰos |
| locative | *-éh₂, *-éh₂i | *? | *-éh₂su |
| instrumental | *-éh₂h₁ | *? | *-éh₂mis, *-éh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-óm | *-óy(h₁) | *-éh₂ |
| vocative | *-óm | *-óy(h₁) | *-éh₂ |
| accusative | *-óm | *-óy(h₁) | *-éh₂ |
| genitive | *-ósyo | *? | *-óHom |
| ablative | *-éad | *? | *-ómos, *-óbʰos |
| dative | *-óey | *? | *-ómos, *-óbʰos |
| locative | *-éy, *-óy | *? | *-óysu |
| instrumental | *-óh₁ | *? | *-ṓys |
Derived terms
editDescendants
editEtymology 2
editFrom *(ó)-os (action noun suffix) formations further suffixed with possessive *-ós (see Etymology 1).
Suffix
edit*(o)-ós m
- Creates adjectives from verb stems; they may have agentive or patientive meaning.
- Creates agent nouns from verb stems, denoting someone or something that performs that verb's action.
- Creates patient nouns from verb stems, denoting something affected by the verb's action.
Inflection
editAs an adjectival suffix:
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *(o)-ós | *(o)-éh₂ | |
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | *(o)-éh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(o)-ós | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
| vocative | *(o)-é | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
| accusative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óms |
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | *? | *(o)-óHom |
| ablative | *(o)-éad | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(o)-óey | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(o)-éy, *(o)-óy | *? | *(o)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(o)-óh₁ | *? | *(o)-ṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(o)-éh₂ | *(o)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(o)-éh₂es |
| vocative | *(o)-éh₂ | *(o)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(o)-éh₂es |
| accusative | *(o)-ā́m | *(o)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(o)-éh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *(o)-éh₂s | *? | *(o)-éh₂oHom |
| ablative | *(o)-éh₂s | *? | *(o)-éh₂mos, *(o)-éh₂bʰos |
| dative | *(o)-éh₂ey | *? | *(o)-éh₂mos, *(o)-éh₂bʰos |
| locative | *(o)-éh₂, *(o)-éh₂i | *? | *(o)-éh₂su |
| instrumental | *(o)-éh₂h₁ | *? | *(o)-éh₂mis, *(o)-éh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óy(h₁) | *(o)-éh₂ |
| vocative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óy(h₁) | *(o)-éh₂ |
| accusative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óy(h₁) | *(o)-éh₂ |
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | *? | *(o)-óHom |
| ablative | *(o)-éad | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(o)-óey | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(o)-éy, *(o)-óy | *? | *(o)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(o)-óh₁ | *? | *(o)-ṓys |
As a noun-forming suffix:
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(o)-ós | ||
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(o)-ós | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
| vocative | *(o)-é | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
| accusative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óms |
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | *? | *(o)-óHom |
| ablative | *(o)-éad | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(o)-óey | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(o)-éy, *(o)-óy | *? | *(o)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(o)-óh₁ | *? | *(o)-ṓys |
Reconstruction notes
edit- See Nussbaum (2017)[1] for a detailed account.
- Agentive nominals of this type are often compared to Ancient Greek τομός (tomós, “cutting”) in the literature. Patientive nominals of this type, on the other hand, include Ancient Greek φορός (phorós).
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editDescendants
edit- ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *-y-os (agent noun suffix)
- Proto-Germanic: *-az; some of the a-stem nouns
- Proto-Hellenic: *-ós
- Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ás
- Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: -अ (-á, agent/adjective suffix)
- Indo-Aryan:
Etymology 3
editClosely resembles, but is not identical to, the root o-grade counterpart *(o)-ós. Both formations can be found side-by-side for several roots. Nussbaum posits that both of these adjective formations are derivatives of *(ó)-os formations.[2]
Villanueva Svenson, who proposes that e-grade thematic verbs originated as conversions of λευκός (leukós) adjectives to verbs, wonders if these e-grade adjectives were originally barytone, but later became oxytone under the influence of *(o)-ós.[3]
Suffix
edit*(e)-ós
Usage notes
editThese adjectives are known as λευκός (leukós) adjectives in the literature. They lost productivity in every branch other than Germanic, but most Indo-European branches do have relics of this formation.
Inflection
edit| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *(e)-ós | *(e)-éh₂ | |
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | *(e)-éh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(e)-ós | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óes |
| vocative | *(e)-é | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óes |
| accusative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óms |
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | *? | *(e)-óHom |
| ablative | *(e)-éad | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(e)-óey | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(e)-éy, *(e)-óy | *? | *(e)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(e)-óh₁ | *? | *(e)-ṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(e)-éh₂ | *(e)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(e)-éh₂es |
| vocative | *(e)-éh₂ | *(e)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(e)-éh₂es |
| accusative | *(e)-ā́m | *(e)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(e)-éh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *(e)-éh₂s | *? | *(e)-éh₂oHom |
| ablative | *(e)-éh₂s | *? | *(e)-éh₂mos, *(e)-éh₂bʰos |
| dative | *(e)-éh₂ey | *? | *(e)-éh₂mos, *(e)-éh₂bʰos |
| locative | *(e)-éh₂, *(e)-éh₂i | *? | *(e)-éh₂su |
| instrumental | *(e)-éh₂h₁ | *? | *(e)-éh₂mis, *(e)-éh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óy(h₁) | *(e)-éh₂ |
| vocative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óy(h₁) | *(e)-éh₂ |
| accusative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óy(h₁) | *(e)-éh₂ |
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | *? | *(e)-óHom |
| ablative | *(e)-éad | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(e)-óey | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(e)-éy, *(e)-óy | *? | *(e)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(e)-óh₁ | *? | *(e)-ṓys |
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Proto-Germanic: *-az (deverbal adjective suffix)
Etymology 4
editSuffix
edit*(e)-ós
- Forms adjectives or nominals of appurtenance to bases.
Usage notes
editThese nominals are known as vṛddhi in Indo-Europeanist literature. The *e that the base incorporates in such formations is not necessarily the e-grade of the root; the *e is instead located after the first consonant of the root, no matter the root shape.
Inflection
edit| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(e)-ós | ||
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(e)-ós | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óes |
| vocative | *(e)-é | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óes |
| accusative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óms |
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | *? | *(e)-óHom |
| ablative | *(e)-éad | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(e)-óey | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(e)-éy, *(e)-óy | *? | *(e)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(e)-óh₁ | *? | *(e)-ṓys |
Derived terms
editSee Category:Proto-Indo-European vrddhi derivatives for derived terms.
References
edit- ^ Nussbaum, Alan (2017) “Agentive and Other Derivatives of “τόμος-Type” Nouns”, in Claire Le Feure, Daniel Petit and Georges-Jean Pinault, editors, Adjectifs verbaux et participes dans les langues indoeuropéennes. Proceedings of the Arbeitstagung of the Indo-European Society, Paris, 24–26 September 2014, Bremen: Hempen, pages 232–266
- ^ Nussbaum, Alan (2017) “Agentive and Other Derivatives of “τόμος-Type” Nouns”, in Claire Le Feuvre, Daniel Petit and Georges-Jean Pinault, editors, Verbal Adjectives and Participles in Indo-European Languages. Proceedings of the Arbeitstagung of the Indo-European Society, Paris, 24–26 September 2014, Bremen: Hempen, page 252
- ^ Villanueva Svensson, Miguel (2021) “The origin of the Indo-European simple thematic presents: The nominal connection”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 9, number 1, , →ISSN, pages 264–292