Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bak-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

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Root edit

*bak-^[1]

peg, club

Reconstruction notes edit

Various points suggest a post-Indo-European borrowing from an unknown source:

The phoneme *b, which is rare and of somewhat doubtful status.
The consistent occurrence of *a.
The alternation between *k and geminate *kk across the descendants.

According to Oxford's Introduction to proto-Indo-European,^[2] the initial *b- may have been due to the informal ("popular") nature of the term. Kroonen^[3] and De Vaan^[4] reconstruct no Proto-Indo-European form at all. Compare Proto-Afroasiatic *bak, "to strike"

Derived terms edit

*bak-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bakas
  - Proto-Slavic: *bokъ (“flank”)^[5] (possibly)
*bakk-o-s
- Proto-Celtic: *bakkos (“hook”)
*bak-sḱ- (possibly)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - ⇒ Lithuanian: bàkstelėti (“to thrust”)^[4]
  - ⇒ Latvian: bakstīt (“to poke”)
*bak-tro-m, *bak-tlo-m
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βάκτρον (báktron)^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *bakklom
  - Latin: baculum
*bak-yéh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *pagjō
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *pagilaz

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 93
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 246
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*pagila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “baculum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 67
^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “бок”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βακτηρία”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 93

[2] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 246

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*pagila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395

[De_Vaan-4] 4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “baculum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 67

[5] Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “бок”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βακτηρία”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194

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