Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kaluga

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative reconstructions

• *kaľuga

Etymology

From *kalъ (“mud, dirt”) +‎ *-uga. Related to *kaľuža and *kaluža.

Noun

*kaluga f

1. puddle
2. swamp, bog, quagmire

Inflection

Declension of *kaluga (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaluga	*kaludzě	*kalugy
genitive	*kalugy	*kalugu	*kalugъ
dative	*kaludzě	*kalugama	*kalugamъ
accusative	*kalugǫ	*kaludzě	*kalugy
instrumental	*kalugojǫ, *kalugǫ**	*kalugama	*kalugami
locative	*kaludzě	*kalugu	*kalugasъ, *kalugaxъ*
vocative	*kalugo	*kaludzě	*kalugy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: калуга (kaluga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, proper name)
    • Old Ruthenian: *калю́га (*kaljúha) (< *kaľuga)
      • Belarusian: калю́га (kaljúha)
      • Ukrainian: калю́га (kaljúha) (dialectal)
    • Russian: калу́га (kalúga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, toponym) (dialectal)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: калу́га (kalúga) (dialectal)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ка̀љуга

    Latin script: kàljuga

• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: *kaluha, ⇒ Kaluha (proper name)
    • Czech: kaluha, kałuha (dialectal)
  • Kashubian: kaluga, kalëga
  • Polish: kaługa, kaluga (archaic, dialectal)