Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xula

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Main lines of reasoning:

• Of onomatopoeic or expressive origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to shout, to scold”), originally meaning “taunt”. Related to Proto-Slavic *čьvati, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to harass”).
• Of physical nature, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ksew- (“to scrape, to injure”), originally meaning “physical attack, offend”. Related to Proto-Slavic *xudъ (“injured, weak”), possibly Proto-Slavic *xytiti (“to assault”).

Noun

*xulà f

1. unjust vilification, verbal offence → blasphemy (in religion)

   Synonym: *kleveta

Inflection

Declension of *xūlà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*xūlà	*xũlě	*xūlỳ
genitive	*xūlỳ	*xūlù	*xũlъ
dative	*xūlě̀	*xūlàma	*xūlàmъ
accusative	*xūlǫ̀	*xũlě	*xūlỳ
instrumental	*xūlòjǫ, *xũlǫ**	*xūlàma	*xūlàmī
locative	*xūlě̀	*xūlù	*xūlàsъ, *xūlàxъ*
vocative	*xulo	*xũlě	*xūlỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *xuliti (“to vilify, to offend”)
  • *xulьnъ (“insulting”)
• *xulovati (“to commit blasphemy”)
• *xulostь, *xulьstvo (“sacrilege, blasphemy”)

Related terms

• *xyliti (sę) (“to cripple, to bend down”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: хула (xula)
    • Old Ruthenian: хула́ (xulá)
      • Belarusian: хула́ (xulá) (dialectal)
      • Ukrainian: хула́ (xulá)
    • Russian: хула́ (xulá)
  • Belarusian: ху́ла (xúla, “scolding”)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: хоула (xula)

    Glagolitic script: ⱈⱆⰾⰰ (xula)

    • Church Slavonic: хоула (xula) (Serbian, Russian)
  • Bulgarian: ху́ла (húla)
  • Macedonian: хула (hula) (literary)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ху̏ла (dialectal)

    Latin script: hȕla (dialectal)

  • Slovene: húla (poetic)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “хула”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xula I”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 114