Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kadïŋ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Noun

*kadïŋ

1. birch tree

Declension

Declension of *kadïŋ

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*kadïŋ
Accusative	*kadïŋnï, *kadïŋïg 4), *kadïŋnïg 1)
Genitive	*kadïŋnïŋ
Dative	*kadïŋka
Locative	*kadïŋda
Ablative	*kadïŋdan
Allative	*kadïŋgaru
Instrumental 2)	*kadïŋïn
Equative 2)	*kadïŋča
Similative 2)	*kadïŋlayu
Comitative 2)	*kadïŋlïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: хурăн (hurăn)
• Common Turkic:
  • Oghuz: قَيِنْكْ (qayïŋ)
    • West Oghuz:
      • Azerbaijani: qayın
      • Ottoman Turkish: قاین (kayın)
        • Gagauz: kayın
        • Turkish: kayın
    • East Oghuz:
      • Turkmen: gaýyň
      • Salar: [script needed] (qayın)
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: قَذِنْكْ (qaδïŋ)
      • Chagatai:
        • Uyghur: قېيىن (qëyin)
        • Uzbek: qayin
  • Kipchak:
    • North Kipchak:
      • Bashkir: ҡайын (qayın)
      • Tatar: каен (qayen)
        • Siberian Tatar: ҡайын (qayın)
    • West Kipchak:
      • Crimean Tatar: qayın
      • Karachay-Balkar: къайын (qayın)
      • Kumyk: къайын (qayın)
    • South Kipchak:
      • Karakalpak: қайың (qayïŋ)
      • Kazakh: қайың (qaiyñ)
      • Nogai: кайын (kayın)
    • East Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: кайың (kayıŋ)
      • Southern Altai: кайыҥ (kayïŋ)
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic: [script needed] (qadïŋ)
    • North Siberian:
      • Dolgan: катыҥ (jatıñ)
      • Yakut: хатыҥ (qatıñ)
    • South Siberian:
      • Sayan Turkic:
        • Tofa: ӄадыӈ (qadïŋ)
        • Tuvan: хадың (xadıñ)
      • Yenisei Turkic:
        • Khakas: хазың (xazıñ)
        • Shor: қазың (qazıñ)

References

• Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎^[1] (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 183
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 218
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages 214-215
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*kadïŋ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 122