Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kolme

This Proto-Uralic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Uralic

Etymology

One of the few words found in all languages of the traditional Finno-Ugric group, but absent from Samoyedic (contrast Proto-Samoyedic *nakur).

Reconstruction

The Hungarian and Mansi forms point to *kormɜ. Kulonen (2002) and Janhunen (2009) suggest that this may be more original than the forms pointing to *-lm- (especially given that original Proto-Uralic *-lm-, for example in *śilmä, does not otherwise behave like in this lexeme); according to Kulonen, these could result from analogy with *neljä (“four”).

Numeral

Proto-Uralic cardinal numbers

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Cardinal : *kolme

*kolme

1. three

Descendants

From *kormɜ:

• Ugric:
  • Hungarian: három
  • Mansi: хӯрум (hūrum)

From *kolme:

• Ugric:
  • Khanty:
    • Northern, Eastern: хуләм (xuləm)
    • Northern (Kazym): хәԯум (xəłum)
    • Southern: хутәм (xutəm)
• Proto-Permic: *kwiń (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Mari: *kŭm (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Mordvinic: *kolmə
  • Erzya: колмо (kolmo)
  • Moksha: колма (kolma)
• Proto-Samic: *kolmë (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Finnic: *kolmë (see there for further descendants)

Related terms

• *kolmamte (“third”)

References

• Janhunen, Juha. 2009. "Proto-Uralic—what, where and when?" In: The quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258, pp. 57–78.
• Kulonen, Ulla-Maija. 2002. "Suomalaiset ja suomalais-ugrilaiset luvut ja lukusanat" ('Finnish and Finno-Ugric numbers and numerals'). In: Graham Flegg, Lukujen historia: Sormilla laskemisesta tietokoneisiin, pp. 258–301. Helsinki: Art House. →ISBN

External links

• Entry #341 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungary.