User:Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes
General notes
editVowel gradation
editThere could be up to 3 vowel gradations in one word. This allows us to localise three places of vowel gradations:
- "Base" or "genitive" vowel. Appears always in nominative plural, all singular cases except singular comitative and singular illative. If the last two don't change the vowels, could appear there too.
- "Illative" vowel - separate gradation that could appear only in singular illative case.
- "Comitative" vowel - could appear only in singular comitative and all plural cases except nominative plural.
Possible combinations:
- Only: "base" цыза and пуаз (with exception of nominative, which doesn't participate in the rest of declension)
- Only: "illative" кӯлль
- Only: "comitative" алльк
- All: пе̄ййв
Let's see the "worst" scenario:
Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nominative | пе̄ййв (pjiejjv) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | пе̄йв (pjiejv) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | пе̄ййв (pjiejjv) | пе̄йв (pjiejv) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | пе̄йв (pjiejv) | пӣйвэтҍ (pjijvet’) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | пе̄йв (pjiejv) | пӣйвэ (pjijve) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | пя̄ййва (pjeajjva) | пӣйвэтҍ (pjijvet’) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | пе̄йвэсьт (pjiejves’t) | пӣйвэнҍ (pjijven’) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | пӣйвэнҍ (pjijven’) | пӣйвэгуэйм (pjijveguejm) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abessive | пе̄йвха (pjiejvxa) | пӣйвэха (pjijvexa) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | пе̄ййвэнҍ (pjiejjven’) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Partitive | пе̄ййвэ (pjiejjve) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonant gradation
editOnly declension types I, II have consonant gradation. It happens according to the following pattern (S - strong, W - weak):
Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nominative | -S- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -W- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -S- | -W- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -W- | -W- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -W- | -W- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -S- | -W- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -W- | -W- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -W- | -W- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abessive | -W- | -W- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -S- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Partitive | -S- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Palatalisation and iotated vowels
editKildin has special letters ь, ҍ and й, which change the appearance of the vowels a and э when they are after them.
- ь + э/а > е/я:
- маннь + -а > мэння (ill.sg)
- маннь + -э > мэне (gen.pl)
- ҍ + э/а > ӭ/ӓ:
- са̄ннҍ + -э > соа̄нӭ (gen.pl)
- са̄ннҍ + -аһта > соа̄нӓһта (dialectal abess.pl)
- й + э/а > е/я:
- сайй + -а > сайя (ill.sg)
- сайй + -э > сэе (gen.pl)
- пе̄лльй + -э > пе̄лье (gen.pl)
- пе̄лльй + -а > пя̄ллья (ill.sg)
Cases
editNominative | Genetive |
---|---|
Singular: nominative vowel1 + strong grade.
1Usually same as the "base" vowel, but in cases such пуаз might be different, though doesn't participate in overall word declension. |
Singular: the same as nominative plural. |
Plural: via gradation or the same as nominative singular (see certain declension types). | Plural: ends with -э (-е/-ӭ) or -е after a vowel (пӯдзэ > пӯдзэе) |
Accusative | Comitative |
Singular: the same as nominative plural. | Singular: ends with -сьт/-эсьт/-есьт/-ӭсьт. |
Plural: ends with -этҍ (-етҍ/-ӭтҍ). | Plural: ends with -нҍ/-энҍ/-енҍ/-ӭнҍ. |
Illative | Abessive |
Singular:
In types I-II, III ends with -э/-е or -а/-я. In type IV ends with -ъе (after a consonant) or -е/-я (after a vowel). In type V ends with -э/-е. In some cases can end with -не, replacing vowel before it (цыза-цыза-цызая/цызне). |
Singular:
In types I-II, III ends with -ха In types IV, V ends with -аһта. Replaces the vowel before it (if there is one). |
Plural: The same as accusative plural. | Plural: Ends with -ха, preserves the vowel before it (or puts it if there isn't one). |
Essive | Partitive |
Ends with strong grade + энҍ (-енҍ/-ӭнҍ). | Ends with strong grade + -э (-е/-ӭ) or -эдтӭ (-едтӭ/-ӭдтӭ). |
Declension types
editTypes I-II
editThe most common ones. Include nouns ending with -мусс, -эсс, -эшш, -вудт.
II type differs from the I type one only by lacking of consonant gradation, which can already be specified in the template.
Should look like: {{sjd-decl/I-II|1|2|3|4|5}}
- "Comitative" vowel
- "Illative" vowel
- Strong grade
- Weak grade
- Illative ending (with consonant cluster before it: ннта, лла, ҏҏьтэ etc.)
Notes
edit- Following case endings (see this section for the э/е/ӭ / а/я/ӓ behaviour):
Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nominative | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | - | -этҍ [-етҍ/-ӭтҍ] (-et’ [-jet’/-’et’]) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | - | -э [-е/-ӭ] (-e [-je/-’e]) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | [root without a grade + parameter 5] | -этҍ [-етҍ/-ӭтҍ] (-et’ [-jet’/-’et’]) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -эсьт [-есьт/-ӭсьт] (-es’t [-jes’t/-’es’t]) | [=Comitative.sg] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -энҍ [-енҍ/-ӭнҍ] (-en’ [-jen’/-’en’]) | -эгуэйм [-егуэйм/-ӭгуэйм] (-eguejm [-jeguejm/-’eguejm]) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abessive | -ха (-xa) | -эха [-еха/-ӭха] (-exa [-jexa/-’exa]) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | [=Comitative.sg] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Partitive | [=Genetive.pl] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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*In Abessive plural: Dialectal forms: -аһта (Lujāvv’r), -хатта (Čudz’jāvv’r), should be marked below the table under asterisk.
- Vowel gradation
- Consonant gradation in root (non-derivative nouns) or in suffix (derivative nouns)
Type III
edit- Lack of consonant gradation
- Loss of final palatalisation in illative singular
- Ending -ха in abessive singualar
- Vowel gradation
Type IV
edit- Ending -аһта in abessive singualar
- Lack of vowel gradation
- Lack of consonant gradation
Type V
edit- -э/-е in illative singular
- Ending -аһта in abessive singualar
- Lack of vowel gradation
- Lack of consonant gradation
- Dropping of the final-syllable vowel according the following scheme (✓ - preserved, 🞨 - dropped):
Inflection of Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nominative | -✓- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -✓- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -✓- | -✓- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -✓- | -🞨- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -✓- | -🞨- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -🞨- | -🞨- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -🞨- | -🞨- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -🞨- | -🞨- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abessive | -🞨- | -🞨- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -🞨- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Partitive | -🞨- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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