Roots and words are listed both in their later, more familiar forms, and in their earlier forms, when more laryngeals were present.
| Basic form |
Early form |
Meaning
|
| *-ā- |
*-eH₂- |
(suffix forming abstract or collective nouns)
|
| *ab(e)l- |
|
apple
|
| *ad- |
*H₂ed- (possibly[1]) |
to, by, at
|
| *aǵ- (1) |
*H₁aǵ- |
to drive, draw, move
|
| *aǵ- (2) |
*H₂eǵ- |
to speak
|
| *ag-es- |
|
fault, guilt
|
| *agʰ- |
|
to be depressed, afraid
|
| *aǵʰ- |
|
day (span of time)
|
| *aǵro- |
*H₁aǵro- |
field
|
| *agw(e)sī- |
|
axe
|
| *agʷʰ-no- |
|
lamb
|
| *ai- (1) |
|
to give, allot
|
| *ai- (2) |
*H₂ei- |
to burn
|
| *aiǵ- |
|
goat
|
| *aiḱ- (1) |
*H₂eiḱ- |
to be master of, possess
|
| *aiḱ- (2) |
|
spit
|
| *aim- |
*H₂eim- |
copy
|
| *ais- |
*H₂eis- |
to wish, desire
|
| *aiw- |
*H₂eiw- |
vital force, life, long life, eternity
|
| *aḱ- |
*H₂eḱ- |
sharp
|
| *aḱs- |
|
axis
|
| *akʷ-ā- |
|
water
|
| *al- (1) |
*H₂el- (probably[2]) |
beyond
|
| *al- (2) |
|
to wander
|
| *al- (3) |
|
to grow, nourish
|
| *al- (4) |
|
to grind, mill
|
| *al- (5) |
|
all
|
| *albʰo- |
|
white
|
| *alu- |
|
sorcery; possession, intoxication
|
| *ambʰi |
*H₂ent-bʰi |
around
|
| *ambʰō |
|
both
|
| *āmer- |
|
day
|
| *ams- |
*H₂ems- |
black; blackbird
|
| *an- (1) |
|
on
|
| *an- (2) |
|
old woman, ancestor
|
| *an- (3) |
*H₂en- |
to pour, draw water
|
| *andʰ- |
|
bloom
|
| *andʰo- |
|
blind, dark
|
| *anH₁- |
*H₂enH₁- |
to breathe
|
| *anH₂t- |
*H₂enH₂t- |
duck
|
| *anHtā- |
|
doorjamb
|
| *anǵʰ- |
|
tight, painful
|
| *ang- |
*H₂eng- |
to bend (see *ank-, below)
|
| *angʷʰi- |
|
snake, eel
|
| *ank- |
*H₂enk- |
to bend
|
| *āno- |
|
ring
|
| *ans- |
|
loop, handle
|
| *ansu- |
*H₂ensu- or *H₂onsu- |
spirit
|
| *ant- |
*H₂ent- |
front, forehead
|
| *ap- (1) |
*H₂ep- |
to take, reach
|
| *ap- (2) |
*H₂ep- |
water
|
| *āpero- |
|
shore
|
| *ap(o)- |
|
off, away
|
| *apsā |
|
aspen
|
| *ar- |
*H₁ar- |
to fit together
|
| *arH₃- |
*H₂erH₃- |
to plow
|
| *arǵ- |
*H₂(e)rǵ- |
to shine; white; silver
|
| *ark- |
*H₂erk- |
to hold, contain, guard
|
| *arku- |
|
bow and/or arrow
|
| *as- |
*H₂es- |
to burn, glow
|
| *at- |
|
to go
|
| *at-al- |
|
race, family
|
| *āter- |
|
fire
|
| *atto- |
|
father
|
| *au- (1) |
|
(pronominal base appearing in particles and adverbs)
|
| *au- (2) |
|
off, away
|
| *au- (3) |
*H₂eu- |
to weave
|
| *au- (4) |
*H₁au- |
to perceive
|
| *aug- (1) |
*H₂eug- |
to increase
|
| *aug- (2) |
|
to shine
|
| *aukʷ- |
|
cooking pot
|
| *aulo- |
|
hole, cavity
|
| *aus- (1) |
*H₁aus or (less likely) *H₂eus-[2] |
to shine
|
| *aus- (2) |
|
gold
|
| *aus- (3) |
*H₂eus- |
to draw water
|
| *awi- |
*H₂ewi- |
bird
|
| *awo- |
|
grandfather, uncle
|
| *ayer- |
|
day, morning
|
| *ayes- |
|
metal, copper, bronze
|
| *ayu- |
*H₂eyu- |
life (see *aiw-, above)
|
| Basic form |
Early form |
Meaning
|
| *badyo- |
|
yellow, brown
|
| *bak- |
|
walking stick, staff
|
| *band- |
|
drop
|
| *bel- |
|
strong
|
| *bend- |
|
protruding point
|
| *beu- |
|
to swell
|
| *bʰā- (1) |
*bʰeH₂- |
to shine
|
| *bʰā- (2) |
*bʰeH₂- |
to speak
|
| *bʰa-bʰā- |
|
broad bean
|
| *bʰad- |
|
good
|
| *bʰag- |
|
to share out, apportion
|
| *bʰāǵʰu- |
|
arm
|
| *bʰāgo- |
|
beech tree
|
| *bʰardʰ-ā- |
|
beard
|
| *bʰars- (1) |
|
projection, bristle, point
|
| *bʰars- (2) |
|
barley
|
| *bʰasko- |
|
band, bundle
|
| *bʰau- |
*bʰeH₂u- |
to strike
|
| *bʰē- |
*bʰeH₁- |
to warm
|
| *bʰedʰ- |
|
to dig
|
| *bʰeg- |
|
to break
|
| *bʰegʷ- |
|
to run
|
| *bʰei- |
|
bee
|
| *bʰeid- |
|
to split
|
| *bʰeidʰ- |
|
to trust
|
| *bʰeiH₂- |
|
to strike
|
| *bʰeigʷ- |
|
to shine
|
| *bʰel- (1) |
|
to shine, flash, burn
|
| *bʰel- (2) |
|
to blow, swell
|
| *bʰel- (3) |
|
to thrive, bloom
|
| *bʰel- (4) |
|
to cry out, yell
|
| *bʰeld- |
|
to knock, strike
|
| *bʰelg- |
|
plank, beam
|
| *bʰelǵʰ- |
|
to swell
|
| *bʰelk- |
|
plank (see *bʰelg-, above)
|
| *bʰel-u- |
|
to harm
|
| *bʰendʰ- |
|
to bind
|
| *bʰenǵʰ- |
|
thick, fat
|
| *bʰer- (1) |
|
to carry, bear
|
| *bʰer- (2) |
*bʰerH₁- |
to cut, pierce, bore
|
| *bʰer- (3) |
|
bright, brown
|
| *bʰer- (4) |
|
to cook, bake
|
| *bʰerdʰ- |
|
to cut
|
| *bʰerHǵ- |
|
to shine; bright, white
|
| *bʰerHḱ- |
|
to shine, glitter
|
| *bʰerǵʰ- (1) |
|
to hide, protect
|
| *bʰerǵʰ- (2) |
|
high
|
| *bʰers- |
|
quick
|
| *bʰes- (1) |
|
to rub
|
| *bʰes- (2) |
|
to breathe
|
| *bʰeu- |
|
to swell (see *beu-, above)
|
| *bʰeudʰ- |
|
to be aware, make aware
|
| *bʰeu(H)- |
|
to be, exist, grow
|
| *bʰeug- (1) |
|
to flee
|
| *bʰeug- (2) |
|
to enjoy
|
| *bʰeug- (3) |
|
to bend
|
| *bʰlād- |
|
to worship
|
| *bʰlāg- |
*bʰleH₂g- |
to strike
|
| *bʰlē- (1) |
*bʰleH₁- |
to howl
|
| *bʰlē- (2) |
*bʰleH₁- or possibly *bhlēH₂- |
to howl
|
| *bʰlei- |
|
to blow, swell
|
| *bʰleu- |
|
to swell, well up, overflow
|
| *bʰors- |
|
point (see *bhars- (1), above)
|
| *bʰoso- |
|
naked
|
| *bʰrag- |
|
to smell
|
| *bʰraǵʰ-men- |
|
form, ritual form
|
| *bʰrāter- |
|
brother
|
| *bʰreg- |
|
to break
|
| *bʰreiH- |
|
to cut, break
|
| *bʰrekʷ- |
|
to cram together
|
| *bʰrem- (1) |
|
to growl
|
| *bʰrem- (2) |
|
to project; point, spike; edge
|
| *bʰres- |
|
to burst
|
| *bʰreu(H)- (1) |
|
to cut, break up
|
| *bʰreu(H)- (2) |
*bʰreuH₁- |
to boil, bubble, burn
|
| *bʰreus- |
|
to swell
|
| *bʰrū- |
*bʰruH- |
eyebrow
|
| *bʰrūg- |
|
agricultural produce; to enjoy
|
| *b(ʰ)udʰ- |
|
bottom, base
|
| *bʰuǵo- |
|
male animal; stag, ram, he-goat
|
| Basic form |
Early form |
Meaning
|
| *dā- |
*deH₂- |
to divide
|
| *dail- |
*da(H)i- |
to divide
|
| *daiwer- |
|
husband's brother
|
| *daḱru- |
|
tear
|
| *dānu- |
|
river
|
| *dap- |
|
to apportion (in exchange)
|
| *de- |
|
(demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs)
|
| *dē- |
*deH₁- |
to bind
|
| *deig- |
*deiǵ- |
to show (see *deik-, below)
|
| *deiǵʰ- |
|
insect
|
| *deiḱ- |
|
to show, pronounce solemnly
|
| *deḱ- (1) |
|
to take, accept
|
| *deḱ- (2) |
|
fringe, tuft
|
| *deḱm̥ |
|
ten
|
| *deḱs- |
|
right; south
|
| *del- (1) |
|
long
|
| *del- (2) |
|
to recount, count
|
| *del(H)- |
|
to split, carve, cut
|
| *dem- |
|
house, household
|
| *demH₂- |
|
to constrain, force, break in
|
| *denḱ- |
|
to bite
|
| *dens- (1) |
|
to use mental force
|
| *dens- (2) |
|
dense, thick
|
| *dent- |
*H₁d-ent- |
tooth
|
| *depʰ- |
|
to stamp
|
| *der- (1) |
|
to run, walk, step
|
| *der- (2) |
|
to split, peel, flay
|
| *derbʰ- |
|
to wind, compress
|
| *derH₂- |
|
to work
|
| *dergʰ- |
|
to grasp
|
| *derk- |
*derk- |
to see
|
| *deru- |
|
to be firm, solid, steadfast; wood
|
| *des- |
|
enemy, foreigner, slave
|
| *deu- (1) |
|
to lack, be wanting
|
| *deu- (2) |
|
to do, perform, show favor, revere
|
| *deuH₂- |
|
long (in duration)
|
| *deuk- |
|
to lead
|
| *dʰabʰ- |
|
to fit together
|
| *dʰal- |
|
to bloom
|
| *dʰē- |
*dʰeH₁- |
to set, put
|
| *dʰeb- |
|
dense, firm, compressed
|
| *dʰegʷʰ- |
|
to burn, warm
|
| *dʰē(i)- |
*dʰeH₁(i)- |
to suck
|
| *dʰeiǵʰ- |
|
to form, build
|
| *dʰel- |
|
hollow
|
| *dʰelbʰ- |
|
to dig, excavate
|
| *dʰembʰ- |
|
to bury
|
| *dʰen- (1) |
|
to run, flow
|
| *dʰen- (2) |
|
palm of the hand
|
| *dʰer- (1) |
|
to make muddy; darkness
|
| *dʰer- (2) |
|
to hold firmly, support
|
| *dʰer- (3) |
|
to drone, murmur, buzz
|
| *dʰers- |
|
to venture, be bold
|
| *dʰēs- |
*dʰeH₁s- |
religious
|
| *dʰeu- (1) |
*dʰeuH- |
to rise in a cloud
|
| *dʰeu- (2) |
|
to flow
|
| *dʰeu- (3) |
*dʰeuH₂ |
to die
|
| *dʰeub(ʰ)- |
|
deep hollow
|
| *dʰeubʰ- |
|
wedge, peg, plug
|
| *dʰeuH₂- |
|
to close, finish, come full circle
|
| *dʰeugʰ- |
|
to produce something useful
|
| *dʰǵʰem- |
|
earth
|
| *dʰǵʰū- |
|
fish
|
| *dʰǵʰ(y)es- |
|
yesterday
|
| *dʰgʷʰei- |
|
to perish, die away
|
| *dʰgʷʰer- |
|
to flow, move forcefully
|
| *dʰīgʷ- |
|
to stick, fix
|
| *-dʰlo- |
|
(see *-tro-, below)
|
| *dʰragʰ- |
|
to draw, drag on the ground
|
| *dʰreǵ- |
|
to draw, glide
|
| *dʰregʰ- |
|
to run
|
| *dʰeibʰ- |
|
to drive, push; snow
|
| *dʰreu- |
|
to fall, flow, drip, droop
|
| *dʰreugʰ- |
|
to deceive
|
| *-dʰro- |
|
(see *-tro-, below)
|
| *dʰugH₂ter- |
|
daughter
|
| *dʰwenH₂- |
|
to disappear, die
|
| *dʰwer- |
*dʰwor, *dʰur- |
door, doorway
|
| *digʰ- |
|
goat
|
| *dlegʰ- |
|
to engage oneself
|
| *dl̥k-u- |
|
sweet
|
| *dn̥ǵʰū- |
|
tongue
|
| *dō- |
*deH₃- |
to give
|
| *drem- |
|
to sleep
|
| *dreu- |
|
to be firm (see *deru-, above)
|
| *dus- |
|
bad, evil; mis-
|
| dwei- |
|
to be in doubt, unsure; (later) to fear
|
| *dwo- |
|
two
|
| *dyeu- |
|
to shine; sky, heaven, god
|
| Basic form |
Early form |
Meaning
|
| *ē |
|
(adverbial particle)
|
| *-ē- |
*-eH₁-* |
(verbal suffix forming stative denominative verbs from adjectives)
|
| *ed- |
*H₁ed- |
to bite; (later) to eat
|
| *eg- |
|
to lack
|
| *eǵ- |
|
I
|
| *eǵʰero- |
|
lake
|
| *eǵʰs |
|
out
|
| *egni- |
|
fire
|
| *egʷʰ- |
|
to drink
|
| *ei- (1) |
*H₁ei- |
to go
|
| *ei- (2) |
|
reddish, motley; yellow
|
| *eis- (1) |
|
passion
|
| *eis- (2) |
|
ice, frost
|
| *eḱwo- |
|
horse
|
| *el- (1) |
|
elbow, forearm
|
| *el- (2) |
|
red, brown
|
| *elH₂- |
|
to go
|
| *elḱ-es- |
|
wound
|
| *em- |
|
to take, distribute
|
| *en |
|
in
|
| *-en- |
|
(suffix forming nouns and adjectives)
|
| *en-es- |
|
burden
|
| *engʷ- |
|
groin, internal organ
|
| *-eno- |
|
(see *-no-)
|
| *-ent- |
|
(see *-nt-)
|
| *epi |
|
near, at, against
|
| *er- (1) |
*H₁er- |
to move, set in motion
|
| *er- (2) |
|
earth, ground
|
| *erH₁- (1) |
*H₁erH₁- |
to row
|
| *erH₁- (2) |
*H₁reH₁- |
to separate
|
| *erH₂- |
*H₁erH₂- |
to separate, adjoin
|
| *erH₃dʰ- |
*H₁(e)rH₃dʰ- (possibly, but details obscure[2]) |
high
|
| *erǵʰ- |
*H₁erǵʰ- |
to mount
|
| *erkʷ- |
|
to radiate, beam, praise
|
| *ers- (1) |
|
to be in motion
|
| *ers- (2) |
|
to be wet
|
| *es- |
*H₁es- |
to be
|
| *ēs- |
*H₁ēs- |
to sit
|
| *-es- |
|
(suffix forming abstract nouns from verbs)
|
| *es-en- |
|
harvest, fall
|
| *esōr- |
|
woman
|
| *(e)su- |
*H₁(e)su- |
good
|
| *eti |
|
above, beyond
|
| *ētī- |
|
eider duck
|
| *ētmen- |
*eH₁tmen- |
breath
|
| *-eto- |
|
(see *-to-)
|
| *eu- |
|
to dress
|
| *euH₂- |
*H₁euH₂- |
to leave, abandon, give out
|
| *euH-dh-r̥ |
|
udder
|
| *euk- |
|
to become accustomed
|
| *eus- |
|
to burn
|
| *-eyo- |
|
(verbal suffix forming causatives and iteratives from verbal roots)
|
| Basic form |
Early form |
Meanin
|
| *gal- (1) |
|
bald, naked
|
| *gal- (2) |
|
to call, shout
|
| *gal- (3) |
|
to be able, have power
|
| *gar- |
|
to call, cry
|
| *gāu- |
*geH₂u- |
to rejoice; to have religious fear or awe
|
| *ǵebʰ- |
|
jaw, mouth (see *ǵep(ʰ)-)
|
| *gēi- |
*geH₁i- |
to sing
|
| *ǵeiH- |
|
to sprout, split, open
|
| *gel- (1) |
|
bright
|
| *gel- (2) |
|
cold; to freeze
|
| *ǵembʰ- |
|
tooth, nail
|
| *ǵemH₁- |
|
to marry
|
| *ǵen(H₁)- |
|
to give birth, beget
|
| *ǵenu- (1) |
|
knee; angle
|
| *ǵenu- (2) |
|
jawbone, chin
|
| *ǵep(ʰ)- |
|
jaw, mouth
|
| *ger- |
*H₂ger- |
to gather
|
| *gerbʰ- |
|
to scratch
|
| *gerH₂- |
|
to cry hoarsely; crane
|
| *ǵerH₂- |
|
to grow old
|
| *ǵeuH- |
|
to hasten
|
| *g(e)u-lo- |
|
glowing coal
|
| *ǵeus- |
|
to taste, choose
|
| *gʰabʰ- |
|
to give, receive
|
| *gʰabʰolo- |
|
to give, receive
|
| *gʰāi- |
*gʰeH₂i- |
to yawn, gape
|
| *gʰ(a)id-o- |
|
goat
|
| *gʰais- |
|
to adhere, hesitate
|
| *gʰaiso- |
|
stick, spear
|
| *ǵʰalgʰ- |
|
branch, rod
|
| *ǵʰans- |
|
goose
|
| *ǵʰazdʰ-o- |
|
rod, staff
|
| *ǵʰē- |
*ǵʰeH₁- |
to release, let go
|
| *gʰebʰ- |
|
to give, receive (see *gʰabʰ-)
|
| *gʰebʰ-el- |
|
head
|
| *gʰedʰ- |
|
to unite, join, fit
|
| *ǵʰei- (1) |
|
to propel, prick
|
| *ǵʰei- (2) |
|
winter
|
| *gʰeis- |
|
fear, amazement
|
| *gʰel- |
|
to call
|
| *ǵʰel- (1) |
|
to shine
|
| *ǵʰel- (2) |
|
to cut
|
| *gʰeidʰ- |
|
to pay
|
| *gʰeleǵʰ- |
|
metal
|
| *gʰelH₂d- |
|
hail
|
| *gʰelū- |
|
tortoise
|
| *gʰel-unā- |
|
jaw
|
| *gʰe(n)d- |
|
to seize, take
|
| *ǵʰengʰ- |
|
to go, walk
|
| *gʰer- (1) |
|
to call out
|
| *gʰer- (2) |
|
to scape, scratch
|
| *ǵʰer- (1) |
|
to grasp, enclose
|
| *ǵʰer- (2) |
|
to like, want
|
| *ǵʰerH₂- |
|
gut, entrail
|
| *ǵʰers- |
|
to bristle
|
| *ǵʰes- |
|
hand
|
| *ǵʰeslo- |
|
thousand
|
| *ǵʰeu- |
|
to pour (a libation)
|
| *ǵʰēu- |
|
to yawn, gape
|
| *ǵʰeu(H)- |
|
to call, invoke
|
| *gʰo- |
|
(base of demonstrative pronouns and deictic pronouns)
|
| *ǵʰō- |
|
behind, after
|
| *gʰos-ti- |
|
stranger, guest, host
|
| *gʰow-ē- |
|
to honor, revere, worship
|
| *gʰrē- |
*gʰreH₁- |
to grow, become green
|
| *gʰrebʰ- (1) |
|
to seize, reach
|
| *gʰrebʰ- (2) |
|
to dig, bury, scratch
|
| *gʰredʰ- |
|
to walk, go
|
| *ǵʰrēi- |
*ǵʰreH₁i- |
to rub
|
| *gʰreib- |
|
to grip
|
| *gʰrem- |
|
angry
|
| *gʰrendʰ- |
|
to grind
|
| *gʰrēu- |
*gʰreH₁u- |
to rub, grind
|
| *ǵʰwer- |
|
wild beast
|
| *gʰwībʰ- |
|
shame; pudenda
|
| *gladʰ- |
|
smooth
|
| *glei- |
|
clay
|
| *gleubʰ- |
|
to tear apart, cleave
|
| *glōgʰ- |
*gleH₃gʰ- |
thorn, point
|
| *ǵnō- |
*ǵneH₃- |
to know
|
| *gras- |
|
to devour
|
| *greut- |
|
to compress, push
|
| *ǵr̥H-no- |
|
grain
|
| *gru- |
|
to grunt
|
| *gʷā- |
*gʷeH₂- |
to go, come
|
| *gʷābʰ- |
*gʷeH₂bʰ- |
to dip, sink
|
| *gʷādʰ- |
*gʷeH₂dʰ- |
to sink
|
| *gʷeiH- |
|
to press down, conquer
|
| *gʷei(H₃)- |
*gʷeiH₃- |
to live
|
References
edit
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Watkins, Calvert (1985) The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
