User:Victar/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/at-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*at-

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic: *aþalą (“nature, disposition; nobility, race”)
- Proto-West Germanic: *aþal
  - Old English: æþele
  - Old Frisian: *athel, *ethel
    - Saterland Frisian: Oadel
    - West Frisian: adel
  - Old Saxon: *athal
    - Middle Low German: adel, adele, addel
      - Low German: Adel
      - Westphalian:
        Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: iadel
      - → Norwegian: adel^[1]
      - → Swedish: adel^[1]
        → Finnish: aateli^[1]
  - Old Dutch: *athal
    - Middle Dutch: adel
      - Dutch: adel
        Afrikaans: adel
        → Estonian: aadel^[2]
        → Javanese: adhel
        → Papiamentu: adel
  - Old High German: adal
    - Middle High German: adel
      - German: Adel
        → Estonian: aadel
      - Yiddish: אַדל (adl)
- Old Norse: aðal
  - Icelandic: aðal
  - Faroese: aðal
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aþalaz (“noble”)
  - Old English: æþele
  - Old High German: adal
  - Old Norse: aðall
    - Icelandic: aðall
    - Faroese: aðal
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *ōþalą (“homeland, patrimony”)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *ōþil
    - Old English: ēþel, oeþel
    - Old Frisian: ēthel
    - Old Saxon: ōthil
    - Old High German: uodil
  - Old Norse: óðal
    - Icelandic: óðal
    - Faroese: óðal
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: odal
    - Old Swedish: ōþal
      - Swedish: odal
    - Danish: odel
      - Norwegian Bokmål: odel
      - → Norwegian Nynorsk: odel (Danicised form of odal)
Proto-Germanic: *aþuliją (“homeland, patrimony”)
- Old Norse: ǫðli
  - Icelandic: öðli
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aþulingaz (“prince”) (+ *-ingaz)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *aþuling
    - Old English: æþeling, æðeling — edh spelling, eþeling — Mercian
      - Middle English: atheling
        English: atheling
      - →? Middle Welsh: edling, edlyg, etling (or from Middle English)
        Welsh: edling, edlin
        → English: edling
    - Old Frisian: etheling, edling
    - Old Saxon: ethiling
    - Old Dutch: etheling
      - Middle Dutch: ēdelinc
        Dutch: edeling
    - Old High German: adaling
    - → Latin: adelingus, adalingus
  - Old Norse: ǫðlingr
    - Icelandic: öðlingur
    - Swedish: ädling

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “adel”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎^[1] (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172
^ van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “adel”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎^[2] (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172

[van_der_Sijs-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “adel”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎^[1] (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172

[2] van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010) “adel”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide]‎^[2] (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172

[1]

[2]