林檎
Chinese edit
phonetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (林檎) | 林 | 檎 | |
simp. #(林檎) | 林 | 檎 | |
alternative forms | 林禽 來禽/来禽 |
Etymology 1 edit
First attested during the Wei–Jin era.
Likely a loanword from a language in the Western Regions, apples also being a common produce of Central Asia.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
林檎
- Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica)
- wedding gift
- (Teochew, Zhao'an and Singapore Hokkien) sugar apple
Synonyms edit
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 花紅, 林檎, 沙果 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 沙果兒 |
Harbin | 沙果兒 | |
Yantai (Muping) | 海棠果兒 | |
Luoyang | 花紅, 沙果兒 | |
Wanrong | 沙果 | |
Xi'an | 沙果兒 | |
Yinchuan | 大果子 | |
Lanzhou | 沙果子 | |
Xining | 沙果, 果子 | |
Ürümqi | 沙果兒 | |
Chengdu | 花紅 | |
Guiyang | 花紅 | |
Liuzhou | 花紅果 | |
Xuzhou | 沙果 | |
Yangzhou | 花紅, 小蘋果 | |
Nanjing | 花紅 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 沙果 |
Lichuan | 沙果, 花紅 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 花紅 |
Jin | Xinzhou | 果子 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 蜜林檎 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 染霧 |
Quanzhou | 染霧 | |
Zhangzhou | 染霧 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 花紅 |
Suzhou | 花紅 | |
Danyang | 花紅 | |
Ningbo | 花紅 | |
Jinhua | 花紅 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 花紅 |
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Taxonomic name | 番荔枝 | |
Mandarin | Taiwan | 釋迦, 釋迦果 |
Singapore | 釋迦 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 番荔枝, 番鬼荔枝, 番鬼佬荔枝 |
Hong Kong | 番荔枝, 番鬼荔枝, 番鬼佬荔枝, 番枝 | |
Dongguan | 番鬼荔枝 | |
Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 番鬼荔枝 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 釋迦 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 釋迦, 沙梨 | |
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 釋迦 | |
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 牛心梨, 柅仔 | |
Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 釋迦 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 佛果, 釋迦 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 釋迦 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 佛果, 釋迦 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 釋迦 | |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 番仔荔枝, 釋迦 |
Zhangzhou | 番仔荔枝, 釋迦 | |
Zhao'an | 林檎 | |
Taipei | 釋迦 | |
New Taipei (Sanxia) | 釋迦 | |
Kaohsiung | 釋迦 | |
Yilan | 釋迦 | |
Changhua (Lukang) | 釋迦 | |
Taichung | 釋迦 | |
Tainan | 釋迦 | |
Hsinchu | 釋迦 | |
Kinmen | 釋迦 | |
Penghu (Magong) | 釋迦 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | nona | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 林檎 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 釋迦 | |
Chaozhou | 林檎 | |
Raoping | 林檎 | |
Shantou | 林檎 | |
Shantou (Chenghai) | 林檎 | |
Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 林檎 | |
Nan'ao (Yun'ao) | 林檎 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 林檎 |
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
Other:
Etymology 2 edit
Borrowed from Japanese 林檎 (ringo), from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
林檎
- (Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka) apple
Synonyms edit
Japanese edit
Etymology 1 edit
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
林 | 檎 |
りん Grade: 1 |
ご Jinmeiyō |
on’yomi | kan’yōon |
/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riŋɡõː/ → /riŋɡo/
From Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).
Originally referred to the Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica) imported from China, it has expanded to mean any apple of the Malus genus.
First cited in 918 in the 本草和名 (Honzō Wamyō, “Japanese names for medicinal plants”).[1]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
- [from 918] an apple
- (slang) the company Apple Inc. or its products
Usage notes edit
Can refer to either the fruit or the tree. As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as リンゴ.
Derived terms edit
- 林檎飴 (ringo ame, “candy apple”)
- 林檎酸 (ringo-san, “malic acid”)
- 林檎酒 (ringoshu, “apple cider”)
- 林檎酢 (ringosu)
- 林檎病 (ringo-byō, “fifth disease”)
- 青林檎 (aoringo)
- 和林檎 (waringo)
Descendants edit
Etymology 2 edit
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
林 | 檎 |
りん > りゅう Grade: 1 |
ごん > ごう Jinmeiyō |
irregular |
/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riũɡoũ/ → /rʲuːɡoː/
A variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim). The shift in reading was due to an orthographic inconsistency in spelling the nasalized mora marked as ん (n) in modern Japanese.[1] In ancient texts, this kana did not yet exist, and the sound was often spelled using the む (mu) kana, which in certain terms shifted to, and may have been spelled as, う (u).
Appears in the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō) of c. 938 CE.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Etymology 3 edit
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
林 | 檎 |
りん Grade: 1 |
きん > き Jinmeiyō |
on’yomi | kan’on |
/rimʉkimʉ/ → */rinkiɴ/ → /rinki/
Another variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).
Appears in the 色葉字類抄 (Iroha Jiruishō) of 1181.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
See also edit
References edit
Korean edit
Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
林 | 檎 |