羌

See also: 羗

羌	U+7F8C, 羌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F8C

← 羋
[U+7F8B]

CJK Unified Ideographs

羍 →
[U+7F8D]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

羌 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+2 in traditional Chinese, 羊+1 in simplified Chinese, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese, 7 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 廿土竹山 (TGHU) or 廿手山 (TQU), four-corner 8021₁, composition ⿸⺶乚(G) or ⿱𦍌儿(HTJK))

Derived characters edit

𠊡, 唴, 㛨, 𭘤, 𫹕, 𢮲, 𬁿, 𪲞, 㳾, 猐, 琷, 𥇉, 𥓌, 蜣, 錓, 𩸑, 𪁸, 𡝸, 𢒘, 𢻐, 𠒤, 𠻁, 𬝆, 𦍑, 羗, 𪉬, 𡬎

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 951, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28429
Dae Jaweon: page 1393, character 11
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3125, character 3
Unihan data for U+7F8C

Chinese edit

trad.		羌
simp. ^#		羌
alternative forms		羗𦍑猐𠒌𡸓羗𦍑猐𠒌𡸓𡹽𡺛𦍎

Wikipedia has articles on:

羌族 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
羌族 (Cantonese)
Kiông-chhu̍k (Hakka)
Giŏng-cŭk (Eastern Min)
Kiuⁿ-cho̍k (Southern Min)
Qiang people (English)

Wikipedia has articles on:

古羌人 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
Qiang (historical people) (English)

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (羊) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
样	ʔslaːŋ, laŋ
佯	zlaŋ, laŋ
詳	ljaŋ, laŋ
洋	ljaŋ, laŋ
翔	*ljaŋ
庠	*ljaŋ
祥	*ljaŋ
痒	ljaŋ, laŋʔ
姜	*klaŋ
羌	*kʰlaŋ
蜣	*kʰlaŋ
猐	*kʰlaŋ
唴	*kʰlaŋs
羊	*laŋ
徉	*laŋ
烊	*laŋ
蛘	laŋ, laŋʔ
眻	laŋ, laŋs
鴹	*laŋ
恙	*laŋs
羕	*laŋs
樣	*laŋs
漾	*laŋs

Etymology edit

Unclear.

Pulleyblank (1983) suggests a derivation from 羊 (OC *laŋ).

Schuessler (2007) prefers to relate it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-klawŋ (“to guard; to herd; to tend (cattle); to graze; to be at leisure”), whence Tibetan སྐྱོང (skyong, “to guard; to nurture; to keep; to care for”), Asho Chin klóng (“to herd; to graze”), Burmese ကျောင်း (kyaung:, “to feed; to tend (cattle)”); then 羌 means "herders". Compare 養 (OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs, “to raise; to nourish”).

Beckwith (2009) proposes a possible Indo-European origin; compare Tocharian B klank- (“to ride; to go by chariot”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiāng (qiang¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤ
Cantonese (Jyutping): goeng¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiông
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiuⁿ / kioⁿ / khiong / khiang / kiong

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciang
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiang¹
  - Yale: chyāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiang
  - Palladius: цян (cjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: goeng¹
  - Yale: gēung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: goeng¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gêng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœːŋ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiông
  - Hakka Romanization System: giong´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯oŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiuⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiunn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kviw
  - IPA (Lukang): /kiũ³³/
  - IPA (Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen): /kiũ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kioⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kionn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvioy
  - IPA (Tainan): /kiɔ̃⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiong
  - Tâi-lô: khiong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiofng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiang
  - Tâi-lô: khiang
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiafng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiaŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiong
  - Tâi-lô: kiong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiofng
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: khjang

Rime
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	去羊切
Baxter	khjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰiaŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰlaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiāng
Middle Chinese	‹ khjang ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰaŋ/
English	western tribes
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
No.	14531
Phonetic component	羊
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	羌
Old Chinese	/*kʰlaŋ/

Definitions edit

羌

(～族, ～人) Qiang people
Name of a historical tribe in ancient China.
muntjac (species of deer)
山羌 ― shānqiāng ― Reeves's muntjac
(obsolete) Meaningless sentence-initial particle, often used in the Chuci.
a surname

Compounds edit

婼羌
山羌 (shānqiāng)
氐羌
羌人 (Qiāngrén)
羌塘 (Qiāngtáng)
羌家壪／羌家塆 (Qiāngjiāwān)
羌帖
羌戎
羌族 (Qiāngzú)
羌活 (qiānghuó)
羌無故實／羌无故实
羌笛 (qiāngdí)
羌管
羌語／羌语
羌鷲／羌鹫 (qiāngjiù)
若羌 (Ruòqiāng)
葉爾羌／叶尔羌 (Yè'ěrqiāng)
西羌
阿羌 (Āqiāng)

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

羌

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

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Readings edit

Go-on: こう (kō)
Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
Kun: えびす (ebisu, 羌); あう (au)
Nanori: あきら (akira); すすむ (susumu)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

羌 • (gang) (hangeul 강, revised gang, McCune–Reischauer kang, Yale kang)

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Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

羌: Hán Nôm readings: cưng, gừng, khương

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