葡萄牙

Chinese edit

		grape; to be jealous; to envy	tooth; ivory
trad. (葡萄牙)		葡萄	牙
simp. ^#(葡萄牙)		葡萄	牙

Etymology edit

Phono-semantic matching of Portuguese Portugal or Latin Portugallia, possibly via Hokkien 葡萄牙 (Phû-tô-gâ). Attested in 海國聞見錄 [1730] by Chen Lunjiong (陳倫烱).

The selection of 葡萄 (“grape”) in the phonetic transcription alludes to the importance of viniculture to the early Portuguese missionaries to China, who used grapes to make sacramental wine (葡萄酒).

Compare 西班牙 (Xībānyá, “Spain”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Pútáoyá

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊ ㄧㄚˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pou⁴ tou⁴ ngaa⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): pu³ hau³ nga³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Phù-thò-ngà

(Meixian, Guangdong): pu² tau² nga²
Eastern Min (BUC): Buò-dò̤-ngà
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Phû-tô-gâ / Phô-tô-gâ / Phû-tô-gê / Phô-tô-gêe

(Teochew, Peng'im): pu⁵ to⁵ ghê⁵
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶bu-dau-nga

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Pútáoyá
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊ ㄧㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Pútáoyá
  - Wade–Giles: Pʻu²-tʻao²-ya²
  - Yale: Pú-táu-yá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Pwutaurya
  - Palladius: Путаоя (Putaoja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jä³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: pou⁴ tou⁴ ngaa⁴
  - Yale: pòuh tòuh ngàh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pou⁴ tou⁴ ngaa⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: pou⁴ tou⁴ nga⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ ŋaː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: pu³ hau³ nga³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu²² hau²² ᵑɡa²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Phù-thò-ngà
  - Hakka Romanization System: puˇ toˇ ngaˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pu² to² nga²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ ŋa¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: pu² tau² nga²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰu¹¹ tʰau¹¹ ŋa¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Buò-dò̤-ngà
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /puo⁵³⁻³³ ^(t-)lo⁵³⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phû-tô-gâ
  - Tâi-lô: Phû-tô-gâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phu'doi'gaa
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡa²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡa²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phô-tô-gâ
  - Tâi-lô: Phô-tô-gâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phoi'doi'gaa
  - IPA (Taipei): /pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡa²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡa²³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phû-tô-gê
  - Tâi-lô: Phû-tô-gê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phu'doi'gee
  - IPA (Taipei): /pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡe²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phô-tô-gêe
  - Tâi-lô: Phô-tô-gêe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: pu⁵ to⁵ ghê⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phû thô gê
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡe⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶bu-dau-nga
  - MiniDict: bu^去 dau nga
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³bu-dau-nga
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹/