Appendix:Proto-Khmuic reconstructions

This list of Proto-Khmuic reconstructions is from Sidwell (2013).

List

No.	English gloss	Proto-Khmuic
1	firewood	*(s)ʔeʔ
2	chicken	*(s)ʔiər
3	steamer	*(s)ʔo/ɔh
4	thick	*-ba₁l
5	you, honorific	*baː
6	carry (on shoulder)	*baː₁k
7	two	*baːr
8	light, bright	*bah
9	to ride	*bak
10	rice, paddy	*baʔ
11	dove	*-bɔːl
12	ashes	*bɔh
13	hearth, stove	*-bɔh
14	to chop	*-bɔk
15	to swell	*bɔŋ
16	carry child (in sling)	*bɔʔ
17	hump of ox	*bɔʔ
18	to get, be able	*bəːn
19	lip; talk	*bəːr
20	to bind, fasten	*bək
21	snake	*bəs
22	goat	*bɛʔ
23	fathom (span)	*biəs
24	put out (fire), extinguish	*biːt
25	sated, full	*biʔ
26	coconut	*blaːw
27	shoulder	*blaʔ
28	to swallow	*bləːt
29	insipid	*blɛh
30	betel	*bluː
31	thigh, leg	*bluʔ
32	to chop, hack	*bok
33	to suck	*boːc
34	machete	*braː
35	cloth	*braːj
36	man, person	*-brɔʔ
37	to scatter	*brəːj
38	forest	*briʔ
39	sky, rain	*briʔ
40	wolf	*-bru(ə)k
41	pangolin, anteater	*-bu(ə)r
42	bird species resembles small pigeon	*buk
43	swollen, puffy	*buː
44	alcohol	*buːc
45	to chew	*buːm
46	pool, puddle	*buːŋ
47	suckle, nipple	*buʔ
48	leaf, bark	*c(-)lɔʔ
49	bitter	*c₁aŋ
50	sour, astringent	*c₁at
51	astringent	*c₁iːk
52	grass	*c₁it
53	to want, desire	*c₁uʔ
54	sick, pain	*c₁uʔ
55	to eat	*caː
56	confluence	*-caːp
57	palm civet	*caːr
58	to husk, to mill	*caj
59	to touch	*cak
60	body, torso	*cak
61	to hide	*cɔːr
62	dog	*cɔʔ
63	to stab, to plant in ground	*cəc
64	to tear, cut off	*cɛːk
65	wall	*cər
66	louse	*ceʔ
67	cooked	*ci(ə)n
68	to raise (pigs)	*ciəm
69	pig	*ciəŋ
70	sleep	*cih
71	bird	*ciːm
72	fist	*cnam
73	to measure length.	*cndaʔ
74	sun	*cŋi/eʔ
75	sun	*cŋi/eʔ
76	to hoe	*coh
77	gold	*criːl
78	medicine	*crna₁m
79	rafter	*crʔɔʔ
80	tree, wood	*cʔɔːŋ
81	water source	*da(ːk)
82	water source	*da(ːk)
83	thin object	*daːm
84	low, short	*daːp
85	forehead	*-dah
86	mattress	*-dam
87	to cover	*dap
88	to run	*dar
89	thin	*-daʔ
90	stair, bridge	*-dɔːŋ
91	tail	*dɔːŋ
92	pot	*dɔʔ
93	to take	*dəːŋ
94	to stand up	*dək
95	to stay overnight	*dəm
96	stopper, cork	*-dəp
97	general pronoun	*deʔ
98	low	*-deʔ
99	forest land	*doːŋ
100	termite, white ant	*druːɲ
101	to run away	*duʔ
102	stretch out arm	*g/kar
103	house	*gaː₁ŋ
104	to turn, return	*gaːj
105	to climb	*gaːw
106	ten	*gal
107	to carry	*gɔːk
108	to boil, stew	*gɔːŋ
109	land	*gɔh
110	he, it	*gəː
111	used to	*gəːj
112	to tie, tighten	*gɛːp
113	clever	*gɛh
114	stick, club	*-gəl
115	to hatch or brood eggs	*gəm
116	to spit up, vomit	*gəʔ
117	this (near the speaker)	*giː
118	tripod for cooking	*glaː₁ŋ
119	stone	*glaː₁ŋ
120	small cup made of bamboo	*glɔːk
121	hair	*glə/iʔ
122	husband	*gle₁ʔ
123	edible moss	*gleː
124	to exchange ceremonially	*gleː
125	to hatch out	*glɛh
126	water leech (small)	*gliw
127	to hatch or brood eggs	*gnəm
128	to scratch, dig	*gor
129	to catch	*grəp
130	road	*gruəŋ
131	mortar	*gu(ə)l
132	to burn field	*guːc
133	seven	*guːl
134	finger	*-guːl
135	to winnow	*guːm
136	to enter	*guːt
137	to wave, beckon	*gwaːc/k
138	goose	*haːn
139	to burn, ignite	*haʔ
140	to suck, tobacco	*hiːt
141	female [animal]	*hjaːŋ
142	leaf	*hlaʔ
143	(to go) out	*hliən
144	bee	*hmbɔːt
145	to hear, listen	*hmɲɛŋ
146	pumpkin	*hmpiːr
147	horse	*hmraŋ
148	hat	*hmuək
149	beetle	*hmuk
150	rotten [wood]	*hmuʔ
151	shallow	*hndəːl
152	ripe	*hnduːm
153	catch	*hɲip
154	edge, blade	*hnlaʔ
155	to (stumble and) fall over	*hnrəp
156	tongue	*hntaːk
157	tail	*hntaʔ
158	hole	*hntuʔ
159	yawn	*hŋaːp
160	completed action	*hoːc
161	to strip grain	*hrɔːt
162	ricefield	*hreʔ₁
163	to tie together	*hriət
164	gibbon	*hrjoːl
165	language	*hrlɔʔ
166	to rest	*hrluʔ
167	toad	*hro(ː)k
168	spirit	*hroːj
169	monkey	*hwaʔ
170	to shrivel, shrink	*hwuət
171	to smell pleasant	*h-ʔər
172	to stink	*hʔuʔ
173	to blink	*j/ɲeːp
174	to cry, weep	*ja/əːm
175	light (weight)	*-ɟaːl
176	soak	*ɟam
177	leak, drop	*ɟar
178	grandmother	*jaʔ
179	to help each other	*ɟɔːj
180	to follow, accompany	*ɟɔːm
181	foot	*ɟə(ː)ŋ
182	to live; sit; stay	*jəːm
183	to warm	*ɟəːr
184	soft; unripe	*ɟəm
185	grandchild	*ɟeʔ
186	sew	*ɟi(ː)ŋ
187	window	*jiəm
188	we (excl.)	*jiʔ
189	to plant, dibble	*ɟmɔːl
190	rope, cord, creeper	*ɟməʔ
191	horn (animal)	*ɟnra₁ŋ
192	yellow, green	*ɟŋaːr
193	heel	*ɟol
194	tall	*ɟoŋ
195	to comb	*ɟriəs
196	thorn	*ɟrlaː₁ʔ
197	deep	*ɟruʔ
198	leg	*ju(u)ŋ
199	to spit	*ɟuh
200	kin group	*ɟum
201	to descend	*ɟuːr
202	bone	*ɟʔaː₁ŋ
203	frog small species	*ɟʔɛʔ
204	human	*k(-)muʔ
205	support	*k(-)nəːl
206	to laugh	*k(-)raː₁s
207	to inhale	*k(-)siːt
208	phlegm, hawk up and spit out	*k(m)saːk
209	woman	*ka₁n
210	sand	*kaːc
211	nine	*kaːj
212	in front, before	*kaːl
213	duck	*kaːp
214	chin	*kaːp
215	to grill, roast	*kaːr
216	to cut [hair]	*kac
217	loosen, unfasten	*kah
218	to fell	*kal
219	arrow	*kam
220	to block	*-kaŋ
221	to cut (with knife)	*kap
222	tongs, tweezers	*-kap
223	fish	*kaʔ
224	larynx; Adam's apple	*kɔːk
225	neck	*kɔːk
226	to cut, fell	*kɔːl
227	child	*kɔːn
228	to flow	*kɔːr
229	to fall	*kces
230	bend curled arm, make the arm to bend curled	*kɔk
231	to wait for	*kɔʔ
232	pot	*kdɔŋ
233	plantain bud	*kdɔʔ
234	bamboo species	*kɗi(ə)ɲ
235	to cover	*kdop
236	to grip with tongs	*kɛːp
237	to bite	*kɛːt
238	wild goat	*keh
239	thunder	*kər
240	oak, chestnut	*khaʔ
241	cucumber	*kiəl
242	elbow	*kiəŋ
243	to scratch (oneself)	*kih
244	hawk, vulture	*klaːŋ
245	flying ant	*klaːp
246	scrotum	*klaːw
247	released	*klah
248	white	*klɔːk
249	snail	*klɔʔ
250	to rotate	*kləːŋ
251	to lick	*klɛːt
252	fat, grease	*kləɲ
253	to fall	*klih
254	sugarcane	*klme₁ʔ
255	seed	*klo/ɔːŋ
256	middle, inside	*klu(ə)ŋ
257	crow	*klʔaːk
258	armpit	*klʔɛk
259	rain	*kmaʔ
260	poison	*kmbuːl
261	woodmite	*kmɔːt
262	sugarcane	*kme₁ʔ
263	person	*kmraʔ
264	nephew, niece	*kmun
265	silver	*kmuːl
266	rat, mouse	*kneʔ₁
267	upside down	*k-nr-uːp
268	charcoal	*knsah
269	knee	*knuːn
270	to cut	*koh
271	bend, curve	*koŋ
272	rice, paddy	*-koʔ
273	squirrel	*kraːs
274	hard	*kraŋ
275	creek; brook; stream	*krɔːŋ
276	bite, gnaw	*krəc
277	to harvest; slash; cut	*krəc
278	bailer	*krsaːc
279	fern	*krsuːɲ
280	circle; roll or spiral	*krwɛl
281	to roll up (rope)	*krwɛŋ
282	to bail	*ksaːc
283	body hair	*ksuːl
284	crab	*ktaːm
285	heavy	*ktam
286	valley	*ktiːŋ
287	to cook	*ktuʔ
288	to dig	*kuəŋ
289	village	*kuŋ
290	to bend	*kuːn
291	younger brother, son	*kuːn
292	to cover	*kuːp
293	to turn upside down	*-kuːp
294	scrape, shave	*kuːt
295	tuber	*kwaːj
296	to bark	*kwaːl
297	make (small rope)	*kwan
298	hair bun	*kwaɲ
299	to roast	*kwas
300	upper part, top	*kwəːj
301	wrap around	*kwiəl
302	wasp species	*kʔaːɲ
303	centipede	*kʔiːp
304	egg	*kʔloŋ
305	floor	*-laː₁ŋ
306	to disappear, be lost	*laːc
307	split into thin pieces	*-lah
308	to carry	*-lam
309	to spit out	*-laŋ
310	box (long or high shape)	*-lap
311	lick	*lat
312	tongue	*lat
313	liver	*lɔːm
314	pond	*-lɔːŋ
315	log, long piece of wood	*-lɔːŋ
316	to steal	*ləːc
317	to lick, taste	*-lɛːl
318	to swallow	*-ləːt
319	near	*leh
320	quick	*lɛh
321	chaff, husk	*-lək
322	good	*liəm
323	short	*liət
324	ox	*lmboʔ
325	smooth	*lmɛːt
326	sesame	*lŋaʔ
327	all, finished, completed	*lo/ɔːc
328	penis	*lok
329	to skin, peel	*luəc
330	young	*-luŋ
331	shoot, grow	*-luŋ
332	to swim	*luːj
333	fig, banyan	*lwaʔ
334	blood	*maː₁m
335	soul, spirit	*-maːl
336	to ask	*maːɲ
337	snake	*maːr
338	soot	*-maŋ
339	eye	*mat
340	mother	*maʔ
341	younger sibling, nephew	*-mɔːn
342	to perceive, hear	*məc
343	you (masculine singular)	*meː
344	mother	*məːj
345	beak, snout	*məːr
346	cat	*mɛːw
347	name (to give name)	*-məh
348	rolling	*mel
349	new	*-meʔ
350	to chew; mouth	*miəŋ
351	who, where, why, how	*-moh
352	one	*moːj
353	dream	*-mpoʔ
354	nose	*mu/ɔh
355	pimple	*muən
356	year	*-na₁m
357	residue	*-ɲah
358	to sow, plant	*-nam
359	black, dark blue	*ɲam
360	to close (eyes)	*-ɲɔ(ː)p
361	they	*nɔː
362	to obtain, win	*-nɔh
363	to cry, weep	*ɲəm
364	small	*ɲɛʔ
365	to cry, weep	*ɲiəm
366	that	*niʔ
367	post, pillar	*-nraŋ
368	brain	*-ntaŋ
369	urine	*nuːm
370	goose	*ŋaːn
371	cold	*ŋar
372	itch	*ŋaʔ
373	to swallow	*ŋɔːc
374	to fear	*ŋɔʔ
375	rice (unhusked), paddy	*-ŋɔʔ
376	shake one's head	*ŋel
377	branch	*ŋgaʔ
378	cold	*ŋiər
379	rice (unhusked), paddy	*-ŋoʔ
380	sparks	*p(l)dɛh
381	to dip, scoop	*pa(ː)t
382	to crack, split	*paːk
383	to set fish trap	*paːm
384	to open	*paːŋ
385	to fly	*paːr
386	to divide	*-pah
387	to break	*pak
388	to wrap	*par
389	to burn, hot	*pɔːk
390	bark (n.)	*-pɔːk
391	cheek	*pɔːm
392	to sweep	*pɔʔ
393	throw away, waste	*pəc
394	to shoot (gun)	*pəɲ
395	sweep	*pəs
396	extinguish	*-pət
397	three	*peʔ
398	sharpen a knife	*-piːt
399	rice grain; husked rice	*piʔ
400	flower	*pkaʔ
401	thatch grass	*plaːŋ
402	to escape	*plah
403	calf	*plɔːŋ
404	free	*plɔh
405	leech	*pləːm
406	fruit	*pleʔ
407	hail	*pliər
408	tube	*ploːŋ
409	wing	*pna₁r
410	fish trap	*pnaːm
411	anthill	*pnəm
412	shelf, rack	*pnrɛːŋ
413	turban	*-poŋ
414	head	*-poŋ
415	bamboo shoot sprouts a knob	*poːm
416	belly	*poːŋ
417	squirrel	*prɔːk
418	to rise; stand up; wake up	*prəh
419	banana	*priət
420	long time; old	*priːm
421	pepper	*priʔ
422	pepper	*priʔ
423	rainbow	*prjɔːŋ
424	morning star	*prlaːŋ
425	ear of paddy	*prleʔ
426	broom	*prnɔʔ
427	son-in-law	*prsaː
428	earth	*pteʔ₁
429	smoke	*ptoʔ
430	four	*puən
431	barking deer	*puəs
432	to launder, wash clothes	*puh
433	to play, blow	*puŋ
434	to take clothes off	*puːc
435	skin	*-puːr
436	shed the skin	*-puːt
437	smell of fish	*pʔiəl
438	fishing net	*ra₁p
439	flower	*raːŋ
440	to wash	*raːw
441	sparrow	*rac
442	to love	*rak
443	dry	*raɲ
444	reed	*-raŋ
445	to catch	*rap
446	dry	*-ras
447	to brush	*-ras
448	to snatch	*raʔ
449	fly	*rɔːj
450	surround; to gather, collect	*rɔːm
451	to meet together	*-rɔːm
452	surface; upper side	*rɔːŋ
453	to peel off	*-rɔh
454	fence	*-rə(ː)k
455	strong	*-rɛːŋ
456	choose	*rɛh
457	to raise up, lift	*rɛh
458	pestle	*-reʔ
459	intestines	*-riǝŋ
460	root	*riəs
461	alive, green, raw	*rih
462	to possess	*rmaːŋ
463	burnt	*rmʔaːŋ
464	coal	*rŋəʔ
465	gully	*-roŋ
466	hole, cavity	*-roːŋ
467	growl, chirp, grunt	*-roʔ
468	bamboo species	*rsaːŋ
469	dirt	*ruk
470	kruk to fall	*-ruk
471	red	*-rVɲ
472	tiger	*rwaːj
473	die	*saː₁n
474	thread	*saːj
475	bee	*-saːj
476	flesh; meat	*sac
477	to harvest	*sɔːt
478	younger sibling	*sɛːm
479	five	*səːŋ
480	end	*sət
481	black	*siəŋ
482	deaf	*sluːt
483	spirit	*sməːl
484	star	*sməɲ
485	ant	*smuːc
486	crossbow	*snaʔ
487	rice bran	*snkaːm
488	millet	*snkɔːj
489	storm	*snkuːr
490	woven bamboo tray	*snpiər
491	comb	*snrɛːt
492	small hole	*sntuŋ
493	lungs	*soh
494	tooth	*sraː₁ŋ
495	to comb	*srɛːt
496	really, truly	*srməʔ
497	mind, heart	*srɲuːm
498	taro	*sroʔ
499	bear	*suəl
500	to blow nose	*-sur
501	wipe something away	*sut
502	to sting	*suːc
503	black wasp	*suːt
504	to uproot	*t(-)rəh
505	to pick, pluck	*ta/əh
506	eight	*taːm
507	to weave	*taːɲ
508	to cut, tear	*tac
509	to sell	*tac
510	to burst, split open	*-tah
511	shrimp, prawn	*-tah
512	to prick, pierce	*tap
513	grandfather	*taʔ
514	grandfather	*taʔ
515	bamboo shoot	*tbaŋ
516	punch, chisel out	*tɔh
517	to rub	*-tɔh
518	to hit; pound	*tɛh
519	tinder, match	*tɛh
520	to hit; hammer; beat	*tɛk
521	to throw	*tər
522	fern	*təwaʔ
523	south	*tiəʔ
524	to put down	*tiːk
525	mushroom	*tis
526	hand; foreleg	*tiʔ
527	eight	*tiʔ
528	deer, sambar	*tjaːk
529	bat, lemur	*tjəːr
530	bamboo rat	*tkan
531	cold	*tkat
532	lizard	*tkɔːj
533	bamboo species	*tlaː
534	banana	*tlɔːj
535	penis	*tleʔ
536	male animal	*tloh
537	broken	*tlpak
538	flea	*tmaʔ
539	people from another village	*tmɔːj
540	snapping turtle	*tmpaʔ
541	grasshopper	*tmraːc
542	swamp	*tnloʔ
543	claw, nail	*tnmɔːŋ
544	mouth	*tnoːs
545	tree stump	*tŋaːl
546	tree stump	*tŋkəl
547	tube	*toŋ
548	to wrap, pack	*toːp
549	buffalo	*traːk
550	between	*trdiʔ
551	even, level	*trəm
552	gnat	*t-rəɲ
553	to put on; cover oneself	*trəp
554	monitor lizard	*trkɔːt
555	cooking-pot	*trlɔh
556	right (side, hand)	*trsam
557	to crow	*trʔoʔ
558	pointed tip; peak	*tu(ə)l
559	harvested field, old field	*tuh
560	to tie, bind	*tuk
561	six	*tVl
562	to return; come	*wa₁l
563	aunt	*waː
564	to scoop up paddy rice with both hands	*waːc
565	to whip, to lash	*-waːc
566	shoulder	*waːk
567	intestinal worm	*waːk
568	wide, long	*waːŋ
569	sky	*-waːŋ
570	sunlight, hot	*waːr
571	surround, circle around	*-waːr
572	wide, vast	*wah
573	to push aside	*-wah
574	to hook	*-wak
575	bent	*wan
576	to surround, enclose	*-waŋ
577	roll (paper) to have pointed end	*-war
578	to throw	*wat
579	bent, curved	*wɔːr
580	fence	*wəːŋ
581	to turn	*wer
582	to stir	*wər
583	twist (to drain water)	*wiət
584	surprised	*wiːr
585	feel dizzy	*wiːt
586	left side	*wiʔ
587	cloudy	*ʔa₁p
588	open, empty	*ʔaːŋ
589	excrement	*ʔac
590	meat	*ʔah
591	don't	*ʔam
592	to give	*ʔan
593	I, me	*ʔaɲ
594	swollen	*ʔas
595	to sneeze	*-ʔas
596	we (dual)	*ʔaʔ
597	wasp	*ʔɔːŋ
598	we (incl.)	*ʔeː
599	this	*ʔeːʔ
600	to make, do	*ʔəh
601	to bathe	*ʔəm
602	sound, noise	*ʔəs
603	suppress or hold back	*ʔət
604	defecate; excrement	*ʔiək
605	medicine; tobacco	*ʔjaː
606	you, thou	*ʔmɔː
607	above	*ʔnəŋ
608	water	*ʔom
609	water (drinking)	*ʔuək
610	to pour out	*ʔuk
611	to bathe	*ʔuːm
612	to keep	*ʔuːn
613	wasp	*-ʔuːr
614	arm	*ʔiək
615	basket	*buŋ
617	bile, gall	*mət
618	blind	*lək
621	body hair, fur	*-soːk
625	coconut	*braːw
627	cricket, cicada	*-ler
628	dust	*buk
629	ear	*-toːr
631	eel	*jiən
633	fig	*ɟriʔ
635	fire	*ʔoːs
638	flower	*poh
639	fly	*moːs
640	foothill	*muːl
641	forest land	*doːŋ
642	full	*biŋ
643	grasp; hold in one's hand	*kum
645	heel	*dəːl
646	hill	*muːl
647	hole (chiseled)	*boːŋ
648	house	*jiəŋ
651	lip	*-dəp
652	long	*loːŋ
654	moon	*kiʔ
664	red	*thuəɲ
668	rope, bow string	*seʔ
670	shade	*-muːl
676	stomach	*pu(u)l
682	to bow (head)	*ŋuk
684	to bury	*ta₁p
686	to chop off	*cit
687	to consume	*bəʔ
692	to droop, sag down	*jur
693	to explode	*pduh
695	to fight	*rup
696	to hold, embrace	*kuːm
698	to lift, carry	*juk
702	to put, place	*ʔun
703	to rain, drip	*ru(u)c
704	to receive	*ɲən
709	to shake	*ŋəl
712	to sow, plant	*təːl
714	to throw, cast	*poh
719	to wipe	*ɟuət
721	underneath	*ruːm
723	wagging	*wət
724	where	*-moh