Appendix:Kuki-Chin Swadesh lists
Below are comparative Swadesh lists of Ralte, Mizo, and Tedim from Otsuka (2016).
List edit
| No. | Gloss | Ralte | Mizo | Tedim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | I | kei˩ | kei˩˥ | kei˩˥ |
| 2. | thou | naŋ˩ | naŋ˩˥ | naŋ˩˥ |
| 3. | he | a˩maʔ˥ | a˥maʔ˩ | a˥maʔ˩ |
| 4. | we | kei˩muʔ˥ | kei˩nī˥˩ | kou˥˩ |
| 5. | you | naŋ˩muʔ˥ | naŋ˩nī˥˩ | nou˥˩ |
| 6. | they | a˩muʔ˥ | an˩nī˥˩ | a˥māu˥˩ |
| 7. | this | hī˩hiʔ˥ | hei˥˩hi˥ | hiʔ˥ |
| 8. | that | tou˩˥hiʔ˩ | kʰā˥˩kʰa˥ | tuaʔ˥ |
| 9. | here | hi˩tou˥˩vaʔ˩ | he˥taʔ˩ | hiaʔ˥ |
| 10. | there | tou˥˩vaʔ˩ | so˥taʔ˩ | huaʔ˥ |
| 11. | who | kū˩˥hā˩˥ | tu˩ŋē˥˩ | kua˥˩ |
| 12. | what | ī˩˥hā˩˥ | e˩ŋē˥˩ | baŋ˥˩ |
| 13. | where | kʰoi˥˩aʔ˩hā˩˥ | kʰoi˥˩aʔ˩ŋē˥˩ | koi˩˥aʔ˩ |
| 14. | when | ī˩˥tik˩lāi˥˩ | eŋ˩tik˩lāi˥ | cik˩ciaŋ˥˩ |
| 15. | how | ī˩tin˥˩hā˩˥ | eŋ˩tin˥ŋē˥˩ | baŋ˥˩cī˩ |
| 16. | not | ou˥˩ | lou˩ | lou˥˩ |
| 17. | all | a˩rēŋ˩in˥˩ | a˩vāi˩˥ | a˩vek˥pī˩˥ |
| 18. | many | tam˩ | tam˩˥ | tam˩˥ |
| 19. | some | a˩kʰen˥˩ | a˩ṭʰen˥ | pōl˧xat˥ |
| 20. | few | tōm˥˩ | tlēm˥ | tōm˧ |
| 21. | other | daŋ˩ | daŋ˩˥ | daŋ˩˥ |
| 22. | one | pa˩kʰat˥ | pa˩kʰat˩ | xat˩ |
| 23. | two | pa˩niʔ˥ | pa˩n̥niʔ˩ | niʔ˩ |
| 24. | three | pa˩tʰum˥˩ | pa˩tʰum˥ | tʰum˧ |
| 25. | four | pa˩lī˥˩ | pa˩lī˥ | lī˧ |
| 26. | five | pa˩ŋā˥˩ | pa˩ŋā˥ | ŋā˧ |
| 27. | big | lian˩˥ | lian˩ | lian˥˩ |
| 28. | long | sāu˩ | sei˥ | sāu˩˥ |
| 29. | wide | zāu˥˩ | zāu˥ | zai˩˥ |
| 30. | thick | saʔ˩ | cʰaʔ˩ | saʔ˩ |
| 31. | heavy | hit˩ | rit˩ | ɡik˩ |
| 32. | small | nēu˩ | tē˩˥ | nēu˩˥ |
| 33. | short | tōi˩ | tōi˩˥ | tom˩˥ |
| 34. | narrow | zīm˥˩ | zīm˥ | toi˩˥ |
| 35. | thin | pan˥˩ | pan˥ | pā˩˥ |
| 36. | woman | mei˩˥sia˩ | m̥mei˩cʰia˥˩ | nu˩mei˩ |
| 37. | man | pa˩sal˩ | mi˩pā˩ | pa˩sal˩˥ |
| 38. | human | mi˩hiŋ˥˩ | mi˩ɕiŋ˥ | mi˥hiŋ˧ |
| 39. | child | nau˥˩paŋ˩ | nau˥paŋ˩˥ | nāu˧paŋ˩˥ |
| 40. | wife | zī˥˩ | nu˩pui˩˥ | zī˧ |
| 41. | husband | pa˩sal˩ | pa˩sal˩˥ | pa˩sal˩˥ |
| 42. | mother | nū˩ | nū˥˩ | nū˩˥ |
| 43. | father | pā˩ | pā˥˩ | pā˩˥ |
| 44. | animal | ham˥˩sā˩ | ram˥sā˥˩ | ɡam˧sā˩˥ |
| 45. | fish | sa˩ŋā˩ | sa˩ŋ̊ŋā˥˩ | ŋa˥sā˩˥ |
| 46. | bird | sa˩vā˩ | sa˩vā˥˩ | va˥sā˩˥ |
| 47. | dog | ui˩ | ui˩˥ | ui˩˥ |
| 48. | louse | hik˩ | ɕik˩ | hik˩ |
| 49. | snake | hūl˥˩ | rūl˥ | ɡūl˧ |
| 50. | worm | caŋ˥˩pāt˩ | caŋ˥pāt˩˥ | luŋ˩˥ |
| 51. | tree | tʰiŋ˩ | tʰiŋ˩˥ | siŋ˩˥ |
| 52. | forest | ham˥˩nuai˩ | ram˥n̥nuai˩˥ | ɡam˧lak˥ |
| 53. | stick | tiaŋ˩ | tiaŋ˩˥ | ciaŋ˩˥xut˩ |
| 54. | fruit | haʔ˥ | raʔ˩ | ɡaʔ˩ |
| 55. | seed | cī˩ | tʰlāi˩cī˥˩ | xāi˥˩cī˩˥ |
| 56. | leaf | naʔ˩ | n̥naʔ˩ | teʔ˩ |
| 57. | root | zuŋ˩ | zuŋ˩˥ | zuŋ˩˥ |
| 58. | bark | tʰiŋ˩hōŋ˥˩ | tʰiŋ˩hōŋ˥ | siŋ˩˥hōŋ˧ |
| 59. | flower | pāk˥˩ | paŋ˩pār˥ | pāk˧ |
| 60. | grass | kiak˩ | l̥lo˥bet˩ | lou˧pā˩˥, kiak˩˥ |
| 61. | rope | kʰāu˥˩ | ɕui˩zēn˥ | xāu˧ |
| 62. | skin | vun˩ | vun˩˥ | vun˩˥ |
| 63. | meat | sā˩ | sā˥˩ | sā˩˥ |
| 64. | blood | tʰī˩ | tʰī˩˥ | sī˩˥ |
| 65. | bone | huʔ˩ | ruʔ˩ | ɡuʔ˩ |
| 66. | fat | sa˩tʰāu˩˥ | sa˩ɕiak˥˩ | sa˥tʰāu˥˩ |
| 67. | egg | tui˥˩ | tui˥ | tūi˧ |
| 68. | horn | kī˩ | kī˥˩ | kī˩˥ |
| 69. | tail | mei˩ | mei˩˥ | mei˩˥ |
| 70. | feather | mul˩ | m̥mul˩˥ | mul˩˥ |
| 71. | hair | sam˩ | sam˩˥ | sam˩˥ |
| 72. | head | lū˥˩ | lū˥ | lū˧ |
| 73. | ear | beŋ˥˩ | beŋ˥ | bil˩˥ |
| 74. | eye | mit˩ | mit˩ | mit˩ |
| 75. | nose | nāk˩˥ | n̥nār˥ | nāk˥˩ |
| 76. | mouth | kam˥˩ | kā˥ | kam˧ |
| 77. | teeth | hā˥˩ | hā˥ | hā˧ |
| 78. | tongue | lei˥˩ | lei˥ | lei˧ |
| 79. | nail | tin˩ | tin˩˥ | cin˩˥ |
| 80. | foot | kēŋ˩pʰaʔ˥ | ke˩pʰaʔ˩ | xe˩pēk˩˥ |
| 81. | leg | kēŋ˩ | kē˩ | xē˥˩ |
| 82. | knee | kʰūp˩ | kʰūp˥˩ | xūk˩˥ |
| 83. | hand | kʰut˩ | kut˩ | xut˩ |
| 84. | wing | tʰā˩˥ | tʰlā˩ | xā˥˩ |
| 85. | belly | dul˩˥ | dul˩ | ɡil˧pī˩˥ |
| 86. | guts | hil˥˩ | rīl˥ | ɡil˧ |
| 87. | neck | ŋōŋ˥˩ | ŋ̊ŋōŋ˥ | ŋōŋ˧ |
| 88. | back | nuŋ˥˩zāŋ˥˩ | n̥nuŋ˥zāŋ˥ | nuŋ˧zāŋ˧ |
| 89. | breast | nōi˩ | n̥nu˩tē˩˥ | nōi˩˥ |
| 90. | heart | luŋ˥˩ | luŋ˥ | luŋ˧ |
| 91. | liver | tʰin˩˥ | tʰin˩ | sin˥˩ |
| 92. | to drink | nē˩ | in˥ | dōn˧ |
| 93. | to eat | cā˩ | ei˥ | nē˩˥ |
| 94. | to bite | pet˩ | seʔ˩ | pet˩ |
| 95. | to suck | cōp˥˩ | fōp˥˩ | tōp˩˥ |
| 96. | to spit | sia˥˩ | cʰāk˥˩ | sia˩˥ |
| 97. | to vomit | luak˩ | luak˥˩ | lua˥˩ |
| 98. | to blow | sēm˥˩ | cʰēm˥ | mūt˧ |
| 99. | to breathe | tʰō˩ | tʰō˥˩ | nāk˧ |
| 100. | to laugh | nī˥˩ | nui˥ | nūi˧ |
| 101. | to see | mū˩˥ | m̥mū˩ | mū˥˩ |
| 102. | to hear | tʰei˩˥ | ɕia˩˥ | zā˩˥ |
| 103. | to know | tʰei˩˥ | ɕia˩˥ | tʰei˥˩ |
| 104. | to think | ŋaiʔ˩tuaʔ˩ | ŋaiʔ˩tuaʔ˩ | ŋaiʔ˩sun˥˩ |
| 105. | to smell | nam˩˥ | n̥nīm˩ | nam˥˩ |
| 106. | to fear | lāu˩ | l̥lāu˩˥ | lāu˩˥ |
| 107. | to sleep | ip˩ | mū˥ | iʔ˩mū˧ |
| 108. | to live | hiŋ˥˩ | ɕiŋ˥ | hiŋ˧ |
| 109. | to die | tʰī˥˩ | tʰī˥ | sī˧ |
| 110. | to kill | tʰat˩ | tʰat˩ | tʰat˩ |
| 111. | to fight | sual˥˩ | sual˥ | lāi˩˥, ki˩sual˩˥ |
| 112. | to hunt | ham˥˩ suak˥˩ | ram˥ vāk˥˩, ram˥ cʰuak˥˩ | ɡam˧ vāk˩˥ |
| 113. | to hit | vua˩˥ | vua˩ | vua˥˩ |
| 114. | to cut | tan˩ | tan˩˥ | tan˩˥ |
| 115. | to split | tʰēr˩ | tʰlēr˩˥ | bāl˩˥kēk˩˥ |
| 116. | to stab | sun˩˥ | cʰun˩ | sun˥˩ |
| 117. | to scratch | hiat˩ | hiat˥˩ | xuat˩˥ |
| 118. | to dig | lāi˩˥ | lāi˩, cou˩˥ | tou˩˥ |
| 119. | to swim | tui˩˥ leuʔ˩ | tui˩˥ l̥leuʔ˩ | tūi˩˥ pēk˧ |
| 120. | to fly | lēŋ˥˩ | tʰlōk˥˩ | lēŋ˧ |
| 121. | to walk | lēŋ˥˩ | lēŋ˥ | lam˩˥ siau˥˩ |
| 122. | to come | hoŋ˩ kel˥˩ | lo˩ kal˥ | oŋ˩˥ pai˧ |
| 123. | to lie | lum˩˥ | lum˩ | lum˥˩ |
| 124. | to sit | kʰuŋ˥˩ | ṭhū˥ | tū˧ |
| 125. | to stand | diŋ˥˩ | diŋ˥ | diŋ˧ |
| 126. | to turn | vir˩ | vir˩˥ | pei˩˥ |
| 127. | to fall | tā˩˥ | tlā˩ | kia˥˩ |
| 128. | to give | pia˩ | pē˩ | pia˩˥ |
| 129. | to have | nei˩˥ | nei˩ | nei˥˩ |
| 130. | to squeeze | herˀ˩ | herˀ˩ | sūk˧ |
| 131. | to rub | nōt˩ | nōt˥˩ | nōt˩˥ |
| 132. | to wash | sil˩˥ | sil˩ | sil˩˥ |
| 133. | to wipe | sōp˩ | ɕū˩ | sōp˩˥ |
| 134. | to pull | pot˩ | pot˩ | kāi˥˩ |
| 135. | to push | sōn˩ | nam˩˥ | sōn˩˥ |
| 136. | to throw | dēŋ˥˩ | paiʔ˩ | dēŋ˧ |
| 137. | to tie | suiʔ˩ | suiʔ˩ | hēn˧ |
| 138. | to sew | kʰui˥˩ | ṭʰui˥ | xū˧ |
| 139. | to count | siar˥˩ | cʰiar˥ | sim˧ |
| 140. | to say | soi˩ | soi˩˥ | ɡēn˩˥ |
| 141. | to sing | sā˩˥ | zāi˥ | sā˥˩ |
| 142. | to play practical jokes | ciam˩˥niʔ˩dūn˩˥ | in˩fiam˥ | ki˩ciam˥˩nui˩˥ |
| 143. | to float | lāŋ˥˩ | lāŋ˥ | lām˧ |
| 144. | to flow | luaŋ˥˩ | luaŋ˥ | luaŋ˧ |
| 145. | to freeze | kʰaŋ˩ | kʰaŋ˥˩ | xal˥˩ |
| 146. | to swell | vūŋ˥˩ | vūŋ˥ | bōk˧ |
| 147. | sun | nī˥˩ | nī˥ | nī˧ |
| 148. | moon | tʰā˩˥ | tʰlā˩ | xā˥˩ |
| 149. | star | āk˥˩sī˩˥ | ar˥sī˩ | āk˧sī˥˩ |
| 150. | water | tui˩ | tui˩˥ | tūi˩˥ |
| 151. | rain | huaʔ˩ | ruaʔ˩ | ɡuaʔ˩ |
| 152. | river | lui˩˥ | lui˩ | lūi˥˩ |
| 153. | lake | dīl˩ | dīl˩˥ | tūi˩˥lī˧ |
| 154. | sea | tui˩fin˩riat˩ | tui˩fin˥˩riat˥˩ | tūi˩˥pī˥ |
| 155. | salt | cī˩˥ | cī˩ | cī˥˩ |
| 156. | stone | suaŋ˩ | luŋ˩˥ | suaŋ˩˥ |
| 157. | sand | tiau˥˩ | tiau˥ | seʔ˩nēl˩˥ |
| 158. | dust | vāi˥˩vut˩ | vai˥vut˩ | lei˩˥vui˧ |
| 159. | earth | lei˩ | lei˩˥ | lei˩˥ |
| 160. | cloud | sūm˩ | cʰūm˩˥ | mei˧ |
| 161. | fog | ro˩˥mei˩ | ro˩mei˩˥ | xo˥mui˧ |
| 162. | sky | vān˩˥ | vān˩ | vān˥˩ |
| 163. | wind | tʰī˥˩ | tʰlī˥ | huiʔ˩ |
| 164. | snow | vūk˥˩ | vūr˥ | vūk˧ |
| 165. | ice | vūk˩kʰal˩ | vūr˥kʰal˥˩ | tūi˩˥xal˥˩ |
| 166. | smoke | mei˩kʰū˩ | mei˩kʰū˥˩ | mei˩˥xū˩˥ |
| 167. | fire | mei˩ | mei˩˥ | mei˩˥ |
| 168. | ash | vāp˩ | vāp˩˥ | vut˩ |
| 169. | to burn | kāŋ˩˥ | kāŋ˩ | kāŋ˥˩ |
| 170. | road | lam˩pui˩ | koŋ˥ | lam˩˥ |
| 171. | mountain | tāŋ˥˩ | tlāŋ˥ | mual˧ |
| 172. | red | san˥˩ | sen˥ | san˧ |
| 173. | green | hiŋ˥˩ | ɕiŋ˥ | eŋ˧ |
| 174. | yellow | eŋ˥˩ | eŋ˥ | nāi˧pāk˧ |
| 175. | white | vāk˥˩ | vār˥ | kāŋ˧ |
| 176. | black | dum˥˩ | dum˥ | vom˧ |
| 177. | night | zān˩˥ | zān˩ | zān˥˩ |
| 178. | day | nī˥˩ | nī˥ | nī˧ |
| 179. | year | kum˩˥ | kum˩ | kum˥˩ |
| 180. | warm | lum˥˩ | lum˥ | lum˧ |
| 181. | cold | dāi˩˥ | vōt˥˩ | vot˩ |
| 182. | full | dim˩ | kʰat˩ | dim˩˥ |
| 183. | new | tʰar˥˩ | tʰar˥ | tʰak˥ |
| 184. | old | lui˥˩ | hlui˥ | lui˧ |
| 185. | good | pʰā˩˥ | ṭʰā˩ | hoiʔ˩ |
| 186. | bad | sual˩ | sual˩˥ | sia˩˥ |
| 187. | rotten | muat˩ | ṭoiʔ˩ | muat˩˥ |
| 188. | dirty | bolˀ˩loʔ˩ | bolˀ˩l̥loʔ˩ | nīn˥˩ |
| 189. | straight | ŋīl˥˩ | ŋīl˥ | taŋ˧ |
| 190. | round | bial˥˩ | bial˥ | bēm˩˥ |
| 191. | sharp | hiam˥˩ | ɕiam˥ | hiam˧ |
| 192. | dull | bil˩ | bil˩˥ | mōl˩˥ |
| 193. | smooth | nāl˩ | nāl˩˥ | nāl˩˥ |
| 194. | wet | nom˥˩ | huʔ˩ | kōt˩˥ |
| 195. | dry | kou˥˩ | rou˥ | keu˧ |
| 196. | correct | dik˩ | dik˩ | mān˧, dik˩ |
| 197. | near | nāi˩ | n̥nāi˩˥ | nāi˩˥ |
| 198. | far | lam˩lā˩ | l̥lā˥ | ɡam˧lā˩˥ |
| 199. | right | a˩diŋ˩lam˩ | a˩diŋ˩˥lam˩˥ | tak˩lam˩˥ |
| 200. | left | a˩vei˩lam˩ | a˩vei˩˥lam˩˥ | vei˩˥lam˩˥ |
| 201. | at | aʔ˩ | aʔ˩ | aʔ˩ |
| 202. | in | aʔ˩ | aʔ˩ | aʔ˩ |
| 203. | with | nēn˩ | nēn˩ | toʔ˩ |
| 204. | and | leʔ˩ | leʔ˩ | leʔ˩ |
| 205. | if | cʰun˥˩ | cʰuan˥ | leʔ˩ |
| 206. | because | a˩vāŋ˩in˥˩ | a˥vāŋ˩in˥ | a˥hiʔ˩ciaŋ˩˥in˧ |
| 207. | name | miŋ˥˩ | m̥miŋ˥ | min˧ |
References edit
- Otsuka, Kosei. 2016. A Basic Vocabulary and a Text of the Ralte Language. Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 10. 325-344.