Appendix:Proto-Kra-Dai reconstructions
The following lists of reconstructed Proto-Kra-Dai forms are from Ostapirat (2018) and Norquest (2020).
Ostapirat (2018) edit
Weera Ostapirat (2018a)[1] reconstructs disyllabic forms for Proto-Kra–Dai, rather than sesquisyllabic or purely monosyllabic forms. His Proto-Kra–Dai reconstructions also contains the finals */-c/ and */-l/.[2] Ostapirat (2018b:113)[3] lists the following of his own Proto-Kra–Dai reconstructions.
Notes:
- */K-/: either /k-/ or /q-/
- */C-/: unspecified consonant
- */T-/ and */N-/ are distinct from */t-/ and */n-/.
| Gloss | Proto-Kra–Dai |
|---|---|
| blood | *pɤlaːc |
| bone | *Kudɤːk |
| ear | *qɤrɤː |
| eye | *maTaː |
| hand | *(C)imɤː |
| nose | *(ʔ)idaŋ |
| tongue | *(C)əmaː |
| tooth | *lipan |
| dog | *Kamaː |
| fish | *balaː |
| horn | *paquː |
| louse | *KuTuː |
| fire | *(C)apuj |
| stone | *KaTiːl |
| star | *Kadaːw |
| water | *(C)aNam |
| I (1.SG) | *akuː |
| Thou (2.SG) | *isuː; amɤː |
| one | *(C)itsɤː |
| two | *saː |
| die | *maTaːj |
| name | *(C)adaːn |
| full | *pətiːk |
| new | *(C)amaːl |
Norquest (2020) edit
Norquest (2020) lists the following of his own Proto-Kra–Dai and other lower-level reconstructions.[4]
Norquest (2020) proposes the preglottalized sonorants *ʔb, *ʔd, *ʔɖ, *ʔɟ for Proto-Kra–Dai, as part of a four-way phonation distinction in Kra-Dai sonorants consisting of preaspirated, voiceless, plain, and preglottalized sonorants.[4]
| GLOSS | p-Kra-Dai | p-Lakkja | p-Kam-Sui | p-Ong-Be | p-Tai | p-Hlai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘thin’ | *C-báːŋ | *w̥aːŋ | *C-baːŋ | *ˀbjaŋ | *C-baːŋ | – |
| ‘bone’ | *Cudə́ːk | – | *C-ˀɖaːk | *r̥ɯk | *C-dwoːk | *Cuɾɯːk |
| ‘boat’ | *Cuɖáː | *j̊waː | *C-ˀɖrwaː | *rwaː | *C-ɖwaː | *Cuɾaː |
| ‘borrow’ | *C-ɟáːm | *l̥aːm | *ˀjaːm | – | *ˀjɯːm | – |
| ‘village’ | *Cəˀbáːnʔ | *ˀbaːnʔ | *ˀbaːnʔ | – | *ˀbaːnʔ | – |
| ‘winnow basket’ | *Cəˀdóŋʔ | *l̥oŋʔ | *ˀdɔŋʔ | *r̥oːŋ X | *ˀdoŋʔ | *ɗoŋʔ |
| ‘to stand’ | *Cəˀɟún | *j̊uːn | *ˀɟun | *j̊un | *ˀɟɯn | *tɕuːn |
| ‘dog’ | *kʰ[u]máː | *kʰ-mwaː | *k-hmaː | *m̥aː | *m̥aː | *hmaː |
| ‘ditch’ | *[t]-m̥ˠáːŋ | – | *T-m̥jaːŋ | *m̥aŋ | *m̥ɯəŋ | – |
| ‘ant’ | *r-móȶ | *mot | *r-mət | *muːʔ | *moc | *hmuȶ |
| ‘bear’ | *kəˀmˠúj | *k-Nuːj | *ˀmjeː | – | *m̥wiː | *ˀmuj |
| ‘thick’ | *tsəˀnáː | *ts-Naː | *ˀɳaː | *n̥aː | *n̥aː | *ˀnaː |
| ‘cold’ | *kəˀȵít | *k-Niːt | *ˀȵit | *n̥iːt | *n̥it | – |
| ‘stupid’ | *Cəˀŋáːŋh | *ˀŋaːŋh | *ˀŋaːŋh | *ŋ̊əːŋ X | – | – |
| ‘gills’ | *Cəˀŋˠáːk | – | *ˀȵaːk | *ŋaːk | *ŋ̊ɯək | *ˀŋaːk |
| ‘taro’ | *pəˀrˠáːk | *j̊aːk (< *r̥aːk) | *ˀrjaːk | *ʃaːk | *prɯək | *hraːk |
| ‘moan’ | *gəˀráːŋ | *j̊aːŋ (< *r̥aːŋ) | *ˀraːŋ | – | *graːŋ | – |
| ‘hungry’ | *məˀjáːk | – | *m-ˀjaːk | *j̊ak | *ˀjaːk | – |
| ‘stupid’ | *Cəˀwáːʔ | – | *ˀwaːʔ | – | *ˀwaːʔ | – |
References edit
- ^ Ostapirat, Weera. 2018a. Reconstructing Disyllabic Kra-Dai. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17–19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- ^ Ostapirat, Weera. 2009. Proto-Tai and Kra–Dai finals *-l and *-c. Journal of Language and Culture Vol. 28 No. 2 (July - December 2009).
- ^ Ostapirat, Weera. 2018b. "Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages Re examined." In Let's Talk about Trees, ed. by Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. DOI: 10.15021/00009006.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Norquest, Peter. 2020. A Hypothesis on the Origin of Preglottalized Sonorants in Kra-Dai. 38th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia. DOI: 10.14288/1.0389866.