Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*dʰer- (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to support
to hold

Extensions edit

*dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, robust”)
*dʰers- (“to be bold”)

Descendants edit

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰar- (“hold, stop, bear, carry, receive, hold up right”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Slavic: *dьržati (“hold”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms edit

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰer-‎ (22 c, 0 e)

*dʰr̥-tó ~ dʰr-n̥tó (root medio-passive aorist)^[2]^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰr̥ta
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰr̥ta
    - Sanskrit: अधृत (ádhṛta), धृथास् (dhṛthā́s)
  - Iranian: *Hádr̥ta
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (dər^ətā, 3sg.med.inj.), 𐬛𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬁 (drītā, 3sg.med.opt.)
*dʰér-e-ti (thematic present)^[2]^[4]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: derêt
  - Lithuanian: derė́ti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰárati (see there for further descendants)
*dʰí-dʰer-ti (reduplicated present)^[2]^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰídʰārti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dídʰārti
    - Sanskrit: दिधृतम् (didhṛtám)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dídarti
    - (perhaps) Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀- (vidiδār^əmna-)
*dʰe-dʰór-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)^[2]^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰādʰártay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dādʰártay
    - Sanskrit: दधार (dadhā́ra) / दाधार (dādhā́ra, 3sg.perf.), दध्रे (dadhré), दधर्तु (dadhártu, 3sg.impv.)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dādártay
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬉 (dādrē, 3sg.perf.)
      Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬀 (daδāra, 3sg.perf.)
*dʰor-éyeti^[2]^[3]^[5]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: darît
  - Lithuanian: darýti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāráyati (see there for further descendants)
*dʰér-mn̥
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármā
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármā
    - Sanskrit: धर्मन् (dhárman)
*dʰér-mos^[6]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármas
    - Sanskrit: धर्म (dhárma) (see there for further descendants)
- Lithuanian: darna
- Proto-Italic: *fermos
  - Latin: firmus (“firm, strong, steadfast, enduring, stable”) (see there for further descendants)
*dʰer-o-^[7]
- Proto-Italic: *feros, *feramos
  - Latin: ferē, fermē
*dʰr-eh₁-nom^[8]
- Proto-Italic: *frēnom
  - Latin: frēnum (“bridle”) (see there for further descendants)
*dʰr-eh₁-tos^[9]
- Proto-Italic: *frētos
  - Latin: frētus (“leaning on something”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Celtic:
  - Old Irish: drong (“troop, multitude, crowd”)
- Proto-Germanic: *darnijaną (“to conceal”) (with nasalization) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic
  - Ancient Greek: θράω (thráō, “to sit, to rest upon”)
  - Ancient Greek: θρᾶνος (thrânos, “bench, close-stool, supporting beam”)
  - Ancient Greek: θρῆνυς (thrênus, “footstool”)
  - Ancient Greek: θρόνος (thrónos, “seat, throne”)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “dher-, dherə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 252-254
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 145-146
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*dar¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-59
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “derėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “daryti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 116
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “firmus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 223
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ferē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 212
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frēnum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 241-242
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frētus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 242-243

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “dher-, dherə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 252-254

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 145-146

[Cheung-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*dar¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-59

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015) “derėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122

[5] Derksen, Rick (2015) “daryti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 116

[6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “firmus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 223

[7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ferē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 212

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frēnum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 241-242

[9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frētus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 242-243

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