Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰárati

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰér-e-ti, from *dʰer- (“to support, hold”) +‎ *-eti (thematic present suffix).

Verb edit

*dʰárati

to hold, have

Inflection edit

Nonfinite forms of *dʰárati

Infinitive	*dʰártum
Gerund	*dʰartwáH
Past passive participle	*dʰr̥tás
Future passive participle	*dʰáryas

Present forms of *dʰárati

	Active			Middle			Passive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
1st	*dʰáraHmi	*dʰáraHwas	*dʰáraHmas	*dʰáray	*dʰaráHwadʰHay	*dʰaráHmadʰHay	*dʰaryáy	*dʰaryáHwadʰHay	*dʰaryáHmadʰHay
2nd	*dʰárasi	*dʰáratʰas	*dʰáratʰa	*dʰárasay	*dʰáraytʰay	*dʰáradʰway	*dʰaryásay	*dʰaryáytʰay	*dʰaryádʰHway
3rd	*dʰárati	*dʰáratas	*dʰáranti	*dʰáratay	*dʰáraytay	*dʰárantay	*dʰaryátay	*dʰaryáytay	*dʰaryántay
Imperative
1st	*dʰáraHni	*dʰáraHwa	*dʰáraHma	*dʰáraHy	*dʰaráHwadʰHaHy	*dʰaráHmadʰHaHy	*dʰaryáHy	*dʰaryáHwadʰHaHy	*dʰaryáHmadʰHaHy
2nd	*dʰára	*dʰáratam	*dʰárata	*dʰáraswa	*dʰáraytʰām	*dʰáradʰHwam	*dʰaryáswa	*dʰaryáytʰām	*dʰaryádʰHwam
3rd	*dʰáratu	*dʰáratām	*dʰárantu	*dʰáratām	*dʰáraytām	*dʰárantam	*dʰaryátām	*dʰaryáytām	*dʰaryántam
Optative
1st	*dʰárayHam	*dʰáraywa	*dʰáraymas	*dʰárayHa	*dʰaráywadʰHi	*dʰaráymadʰHi	*dʰaryáyHa	*dʰaryáywadʰHi	*dʰaryáymadʰHi
2nd	*dʰárays	*dʰáraytam	*dʰárayta	*dʰáraytʰās	*dʰaráyHātʰām	*dʰáraydʰHwam	*dʰaryáytʰās	*dʰaryáyHātʰām	*dʰaryáydʰHwam
3rd	*dʰárayt	*dʰáraytām	*dʰárayHunt	*dʰárayta	*dʰaráyHātām	*dʰárayrant	*dʰaryáyta	*dʰaryáyHātām	*dʰaryáyrant
Participles	*dʰárant			*dʰáramHnas			*dʰaryámHnas

Imperfect forms of *dʰárati

	Active			Middle			Passive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
1st	*ádʰaram	*adʰáraHwa	*adʰáraHma	*ádʰaray	*adʰaráHwadʰHi	*adʰaráHmadʰHi	*adʰaryáy	*adʰaryáHwadʰHi	*adʰaryáHmadʰHi
2nd	*ádʰaras	*adʰáratam	*adʰárata	*adʰáratʰās	*adʰáraytʰām	*adʰáradʰHwam	*adʰaryátʰās	*adʰaryáytʰām	*adʰaryádʰHwam
3rd	*ádʰarat	*adʰáratām	*ádʰarant	*adʰárata	*adʰáraytām	*adʰáranta	*adʰaryáta	*adʰaryáytām	*adʰaryánta

Descendants edit

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰárati
- Sanskrit: धरति (dhárati)
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Assamese: ধৰা (dhora)
    - Bengali: ধরা (dhora)
    - Odia: ଧରିବା (dhôriba)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀥𑀭𑀇 (dharaï)
    - Konkani: धर्चे (dharce)
    - Old Marathi: 𑘠𑘨𑘜𑘹 (dharaṇe)
      - Marathi: धरणे (dharṇe)
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀭𑀤𑀺 (dharadi)
    - Gujarati: ધરવું (dharvũ)
    - Hindi: धरना (dharnā)
    - Nepali: धर्नु (dharnu)
    - Punjabi: ਧਰਣਾ (dharṇā)
    - Romani: therel
    - Sindhi: ڌَرَڻُ / धरणु (dharaṇu)
Proto-Iranian: *dárati
- Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬋 (dāriiō, 2sg.pres.inj.med)
- Bactrian: [script needed] (lhr)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean: 𐫅𐫀𐫡 (dʾr)
- Old Persian: 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (dārayāmiy)
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠dāštan⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫀𐫢𐫤𐫗 (dʾštn)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (YHSNN-tn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dʾštn')
    - Classical Persian:
      - Persian: داشتن (dâštan), Persian: دار (dâr) [future tense]
      - Tajik: доштан (doštan)
- Sogdian: [script needed] (δʾr)
Proto-Nuristani: *dárati
- Northern Nuristani:
  - Prasuni: la-