Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/drugъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one's tribe”). Derksen considers the connection with Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”) dubious.
Adjective edit
Inflection edit
Accent paradigm c.
Indefinite declension of *drugъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *drugъ | *druga | *drugo |
| genitive | *druga | *drugy | *druga |
| dative | *drugu | *drudzě | *drugu |
| accusative | *drugъ | *drugǫ | *drugo |
| instrumental | *drugomь | *drugojǫ | *drugomь |
| locative | *drudzě | *drudzě | *drudzě |
| vocative | *druže | *drugo | *drugo |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *druga | *drudzě | *drudzě |
| genitive | *drugu | *drugu | *drugu |
| dative | *drugoma | *drugama | *drugoma |
| accusative | *druga | *drudzě | *drudzě |
| instrumental | *drugoma | *drugama | *drugoma |
| locative | *drugu | *drugu | *drugu |
| vocative | *druga | *drudzě | *drudzě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *drudzi | *drugy | *druga |
| genitive | *drugъ | *drugъ | *drugъ |
| dative | *drugomъ | *drugamъ | *drugomъ |
| accusative | *drugy | *drugy | *druga |
| instrumental | *drugy | *drugami | *drugy |
| locative | *drudzěxъ | *drugaxъ | *drudzěxъ |
| vocative | *drudzi | *drugy | *druga |
Definite declension of *drugъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *drugъjь | *drugaja | *drugoje |
| genitive | *drugajego | *drugyję̇ | *drugajego |
| dative | *drugujemu | *drudzěji | *drugujemu |
| accusative | *drugъjь | *drugǫjǫ | *drugoje |
| instrumental | *drugyjimь | *drugǫjǫ | *drugyjimь |
| locative | *drudzějemь | *drudzěji | *drudzějemь |
| vocative | *drugъjь | *drugaja | *drugoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *drugaja | *drudzěji | *drudzěji |
| genitive | *druguju | *druguju | *druguju |
| dative | *drugyjima | *drugyjima | *drugyjima |
| accusative | *drugaja | *drudzěji | *drudzěji |
| instrumental | *drugyjima | *drugyjima | *drugyjima |
| locative | *druguju | *druguju | *druguju |
| vocative | *drugaja | *drudzěji | *drudzěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *drudziji | *drugyję̇ | *drugaja |
| genitive | *drugъjixъ | *drugъjixъ | *drugъjixъ |
| dative | *drugyjimъ | *drugyjimъ | *drugyjimъ |
| accusative | *drugyję̇ | *drugyję̇ | *drugaja |
| instrumental | *drugyjimi | *drugyjimi | *drugyjimi |
| locative | *drugyjixъ | *drugyjixъ | *drugyjixъ |
| vocative | *drudziji | *drugyję̇ | *drugaja |
Descendants edit
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Bulgarian: друг (drug)
- Macedonian: друг (drug)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Slovene: drȗg (“other”) (tonal orthography); drūgi (“second”) (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
Noun edit
- friend, companion
- Synonym: *prijàteľь
Inflection edit
Declension of *drȗgъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *drȗgъ | *drȗga | *drȗdzi |
| genitive | *drȗga | *drugù | *drũgъ |
| dative | *drȗgu | *drugomà | *drugòmъ |
| accusative | *drȗgъ | *drȗga | *drȗgy |
| instrumental | *drȗgъmь, *drȗgomь* | *drugomà | *drugý |
| locative | *drȗdzě | *drugù | *drudzě̃xъ |
| vocative | *druže | *drȗga | *drȗdzi |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms edit
- *drugarь (“male friend, companion”)
- *druža
- *družica / *družika (“female friend, companion”)
- *družiti (“to be friends”)
- *družь
- *družьba (“friendship”)
- *družьka (“female friend, companion”)
- *družьnъ (“friendly”)
- *družьstvo (“society, community, association, partnership, company”)
- *družìna (“company, fellowship”)
Descendants edit
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading edit
- “draugas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “друг”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “друг”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 270
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*drugъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 131
- Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “draũgas”, in Słownik etymologiczny je̜zyka litewskiego[3] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 119f
References edit
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*drȗgъ II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 122: “adj. o (c) ‘other’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “drugъ druga drugo”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c anden (PR 138)”
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*drȗgъ I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 121: “m. o (c) ‘companion, friend’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “drugъ druga”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[2], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c friend (NA 98; SA 156, 158; PR 137; RPT 97, 102)”