ka- -an
Kangean edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Circumfix edit
- -ness; appended to adjectives to form abstract nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)".
- -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.
- -ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.
- Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.
Etymology 2 edit
Circumfix edit
- -ed; to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases.
- takok (“fright”) + ka- -an → katakokan (“frightened”)
- tagersok (“shock”) + ka- -an → katagersokan (“shocked”)
Etymology 3 edit
Circumfix edit
Tagalog edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an (compare Malay ke- -an).
Pronunciation edit
Circumfix edit
ka- -an (Baybayin spelling ᜃ ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)
- used to form abstract nouns
- payapa (“peaceful”) + ka- -an → kapayapaan (“peace”)
- malay (“awareness”) + ka- -an → kamalayan (“consciousness”)
- used to form nouns indicating a larger location
- used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place
- Tagalog (“Tagalog”) + ka- -an → Katagalugan (“Tagalog area”)
- Bisaya (“Visayan”) + ka- -an → Kabisayaan (“Visayas; Visayan area”)
- Maynila (“Manila”) + ka- -an → Kamaynilaan (“Metro Manila; Manila area”)
- used to form words meaning “one who receives or (-an) from someone (ka-)”
Usage notes edit
- Normally, /h/ is inserted before -an when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.
- saya + ka- -an → kasiyahan
- dami + ka- -an → karamihan
- gusto + ka- -an → kagustuhan
- bihasa + ka- -an → kabihasnan
- Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -an or after ka-.
- Sense 4: The ka- prefix has a stress while the stress of the root shifts syllables to the right. For roots with stress on the last syllable, the stress goes to -an.