English

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Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle English -ede, -eden, from Old English -ode, -odon (class 2 weak past ending), from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēdun. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (-ed, first person singular past indicative ending), German Low German -de (-ed, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Swedish -ade (-ed), Icelandic -aði (-ed).

Suffix

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-ed

  1. Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.
    point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed
    He pointed at the dog.
Translations
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Etymology 2

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    From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (class 2 weak past participle), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ed.

    Suffix

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    -ed

    1. Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.
      point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed
      He has pointed at the dog.

    Etymology 3

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    From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate).

    Suffix

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    -ed

    1. Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.
      Antonym: -less
      point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed
      horn + ‎-ed → ‎horned
      hoof + ‎-ed → ‎hooved
    2. As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.
      red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired
      left + ‎hand + ‎-ed → ‎left-handed
      two + ‎prong(s) + ‎-ed → ‎two-pronged
    Derived terms
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    Translations
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    See also

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    Anagrams

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    Breton

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    Etymology

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    Cognate to Cornish -es.

    Suffix

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    -ed

    1. Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns
      kazhez (female cat) + ‎-ed → ‎kazhezed (female cats)

    Derived terms

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    Hungarian

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    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

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    From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (possessive suffix).

    Suffix

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    -ed

    1. (possessive suffix) your (second-person singular, single possession)
      kert (garden) + ‎-ed → ‎kerted (your (singular, informal) garden)
      Megbízol engem a kerted gondozásával?Will you entrust me with the care of your garden?
    Usage notes
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    • (possessive suffix) Variants:
      -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
      -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
      -od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
      -ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
      -öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

    Etymology 2

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    From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (personal suffix).

    Suffix

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    -ed

    1. (personal suffix) Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs.
      fest (to paint) + ‎-ed → ‎fested (you paint [him/her/it], you are painting [him/her/it])
      Mikor fested a kerítést?When do you paint the fence?
    Usage notes
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    • (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.

    Etymology 3

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    From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (fraction-forming and verb-forming suffix).

    Suffix

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    -ed

    1. (fraction-forming suffix) -th (added to a cardinal number to form a fraction)
      ezer (thousand) + ‎-ed → ‎ezred (thousandth)
    2. (frequentative verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive.
      szenved (to suffer)
    Usage notes
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    • (fraction-forming suffix) Variants:
      -d is added to words ending in a vowel
      -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
      -od is added to some other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
      -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
      -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    • (frequentative suffix) Variants:
      -d is found only in a few words as an obscured suffix
      mond (to say, tell), kezd (to begin)
      -od is added to back-vowel words
      tapod (to tread on something)
      -ad is added to back-vowel words
      -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words
      szenved (to suffer)
      -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words
      bököd (to repeatedly poke at something)
    Derived terms
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    See also

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    Etymology

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    From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

    Suffix

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    -ed

    1. contents of, -ful.
      manuo (hand) + ‎-ed → ‎manuedo (handful)

    Derived terms

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    Category Ido terms suffixed with -ed not found

    Middle English

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    Etymology 1

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      Suffix

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      -ed

      1. Forms the past participle of weak verbs.
      Alternative forms
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      Etymology 2

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. Alternative form of -hede

        References

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        Old English

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        Pronunciation

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. formed into the likeness of, made into, shaped like, having the qualities of
          æppel (apple) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (apple-shaped)
        2. Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs
          fremman (to perform) + ‎-ed → ‎fremed (performed)

        Old Irish

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        Pronunciation

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. slender form of -ad

        Spanish

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        Etymology

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        From Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).

        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of -er verbs
          comer (to eat) + ‎-ed → ‎¡Comed! (Eat!)

        Swedish

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        Suffix

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        -ed c

        Examples
        1. (place-names) path between or along water
          Synonym: -eda

        See also

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        • ed (isthmus)

        Welsh

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        Etymology 1

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        From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

        Pronunciation

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables.
          gwan (weak) + ‎-ed → ‎gwanned (as weak)
          rhad (cheap) + ‎-ed → ‎rhated (as cheap)
          cynt (faster, earlier, sooner) + ‎-ed → ‎cynted (as fast, as early, as soon)
        Usage notes
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        Causes fortition of final voiced consonant of adjectival roots.

        Etymology 2

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        Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.

        Pronunciation

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six.
          Synonyms: -edd, -fed, -ydd
          pump (five) + ‎-ed → ‎pumed (fifth)
          chwech (six) + ‎-ed → ‎chweched (sixth)

        Etymology 3

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        Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.[1]

        Pronunciation

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. Used to form verbal nouns.
          cerdd- (to walk, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎cerdded (to walk, verbal noun)
          clyw- (to hear, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎clywed (to hear, verbal noun)

        Etymology 4

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        Cognate with Cornish -es.

        Pronunciation

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. Used to form nouns.
          colli (to lose) + ‎-ed → ‎colled (loss)
          sych (dry) + ‎-ed → ‎syched (thirst)
          cymuno (to take communion, to communicate) + ‎-ed → ‎cymuned (community)

        Etymology 5

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        Pronunciation

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. Used to form plural nouns.
          Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -edd, -en, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys
          pryf (bug, insect) + ‎-ed → ‎pryfed (bugs, insects)
          merch (girl) + ‎-ed → ‎merched (girls)
        Usage notes
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        -ed is only used in the above two plural forms in Modern Welsh.

        Etymology 6

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        Pronunciation

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

        Etymology 7

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        Pronunciation

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        Suffix

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        -ed

        1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative
          Synonyms: -pwyd, -wyd
        Usage notes
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        • Rare in Modern Welsh with a few verbs creating an alternative secondary form.
        ganwyd, ganedwas born, one bore
        trowyd, troedwas turned, one turned
        cafwyd, caedwas had, one had
        daethpwyd, deuwyd, doedone came

        Derived terms

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        References

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        1. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 203 iii 8

        Further reading

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        R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-ed”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies