kulak
English edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
1877. From Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural кулаки́ (kulakí). Compare also Russian раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “dekulakization”), подкула́чник (podkuláčnik, “subkulak”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kulak (plural kulaks or kulaki)
- (historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers.
- 2002 Sep, Christopher Hitchens, “Martin Amis: Lightness at Midnight”, in The Atlantic:
- The “internal organs,” as the CHEKA and the GPU and the KGB used to style themselves, were asked to police the mind for heresy as much as to torture kulaks to relinquish the food they withheld from the cities.
- 2015 February 6, Nick Gillespie, “To the Barricades, Brooklyn Yuppies!”, in The Dailey Beast[1], retrieved 20150206:
- We are the “upper middle class”, the new kulaks whose antisocial self-interest and lack of submission to the aims of the revolutionary vanguard must be extinguished.
Usage notes edit
During Soviet state collectivization of farming in the 1920s and 1930s the label kulak, implying “tight-fisted”, was applied pejoratively to land-owning peasants in general.
Quotations edit
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:kulak.
Synonyms edit
Hypernyms edit
Derived terms edit
- anarcho-kulak
- kulakism
- kulakize, kulakise
- kulakisation, kulakization
- dekulakise, de-kulakise, dekulakize, de-kulakize
- dekulakisation, de-kulakisation, dekulakization, de-kulakization
- self-dekulakisation, self-dekulakization
- subkulak
Translations edit
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References edit
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition 1997
Anagrams edit
Czech edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kulak m anim
- (historical, derogatory) kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)
- 2003, Jaroslav Čejka, Lidé, čas a zvířata[2], Praha: Baronet, →ISBN, page 144:
- Pan Kubrycht byl prý původně bohatý sedlák, čili – jak se v padesátých letech říkalo – kulak, kterého vyhnali z jeho statku.
- People say that Mr. Kubrycht was originally a rich farmer, or – as it was said in 1950s – a kulak, who was forced to leave his farm.
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- kulak in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- kulak in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
- kulak in Internetová jazyková příručka
Anagrams edit
Italian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Unadapted borrowing from Russian кула́к (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kulak m (plural kulaki)
- (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)
Further reading edit
- kulak in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Noun edit
kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulaker, definite plural kulakene)
- form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Noun edit
kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulakar, definite plural kulakane)
Portuguese edit
Noun edit
kulak m (plural kulaks)
- (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)
Turkish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Ottoman Turkish قولاق (qulaq, “ear”), Old Anatolian Turkish قلاق (qulaq, “ear”), from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq /qulqaq/). A possible cognate with Finnish kuulla [1][2][3]
Noun edit
kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
- dış kulak
- iç kulak
- kulağakaçan
- kulak altı bezi
- kulak arkası etmek
- kulak asmak
- kulak demiri
- kulak dolgunluğu
- kulak erimi
- kulak kabartmak
- kulak kanalı
- kulak kemiği
- kulak kepçesi
- kulak kesilmek
- kulak kıvırmak
- kulak kulağa
- kulak memesi
- kulak misafiri
- kulak sadakası
- kulak tıkamak
- kulak tırmalamak
- kulak tutmak
- kulak zarı
- kulakçı
- kulakdavulu
- kulaklı
- kulaklık
- kulaksız
- kuzukulağı
- orta kulak
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
kulak (definite accusative kulağı, plural kulaklar)