per- -an

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay per- -an, from Classical Malay per- -an, from Proto-Austronesian [Term?].

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pər an/

Circumfix

per- -an

1. -hood; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a group sharing a specified condition or state.

   ‎budak (“slave”) → ‎perbudakan (“slavehood”)

   ‎saudara (“sibling”) → ‎persaudaraan (“brotherhood”)

2. -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.

   ‎teman (“friend”) → ‎pertemanan (“frienship”)

3. having to do with [base], affairs dealing with [base]

   ‎buruh (“worker”) → ‎perburuhan (“labour”)

   ‎kebun (“garden”) → ‎perkebunan (“horticulture”)

   ‎rumah (“house”) → ‎perumahan (“housing”)

   ‎sekutu (“ally”) → ‎persekutuan (“alliance”)

   ‎undang-undang (“law”) → ‎perundang-undangan (“legislation”)

4. a collection of [base]

   ‎air (“water”) → ‎perairan (“area of water”)

   ‎alat (“tool”) → ‎peralatan (“equipment”)

   ‎bukit (“hill”) → ‎perbukitan (“hill tract”)

   ‎buruh (“worker”) → ‎perburuhan (“workforce”)

   ‎hotel (“hotel”) → ‎perhotelan (“hotel”)

   ‎kebun (“garden”) → ‎perkebunan (“plantation”)

   ‎muka (“surface”, literally “face”) → ‎permukaan (“surface”)

   ‎rumah (“house”) → ‎perumahan (“housing”)

5. the process or result of the action referred to by the verb [base]

   ‎ajar (“to teach”) → ‎pelajaran (“lesson”)

   ‎gerak (“to move”) → ‎pergerakan (“movement”)

   ‎kerja (“to work”) → ‎pekerjaan (“work”)

6. the act of doing what the verb [base]

   ‎atur (“to regulate”) → ‎peraturan (“regulation”)

   ‎coba (“to try”) → ‎percobaan (“attempt, experiment”)

   ‎ingat (“to remember”) → ‎peringatan (“warning”)

   ‎tolong (“to help”) → ‎pertolongan (“help, assistance”)

7. the place or location where the action of the verb [base]

   ‎cetak (“to print”) → ‎percetakan (“printing press”)

   ‎judi (“to gamble”) → ‎perjudian (“gambling den”)

8. (unproductive) road intersection

   ‎tiga (“three”) → ‎pertigaan (“three-way intersection”)

   ‎empat (“four”) → ‎perempatan (“crossroad”)

   ‎lima (“five”) → ‎perlimaan (“five-way intersection”)

Derived terms

Indonesian terms circumfixed with per- -an

References

• Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (2017) Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia [Standard Grammar of Indonesian Language]‎^[1] (in Indonesian), 4 edition, Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, →ISBN, archived from the original on 13 June 2022
• James N. Sneddon (2010) Indonesian : a comprehensive grammar, 2 edition, London: Roultedge, →ISBN, →OCLC