ructo

Latin edit

Etymology edit

From *rūgō (I belch, whence rū̆ctus (“belch”) and ērūgō) +‎ -tō (frequentative suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“belch, roar”). Cognate with Old English rocettan (“I belch”) and Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “to belch, vomit, emit”).

Pronunciation edit

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈruːk.toː/, [ˈruːkt̪oː] or IPA^(key): /ˈruk.toː/, [ˈrʊkt̪oː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈruk.to/, [ˈrukt̪o]
The u in the first syllable is short per De Vaan (2008)^[1] and Wartburg (1928–2002);^[2] long per Bennett (1907)^[3] (who however says that there is Romance evidence for both long ū and short ŭ).

Verb edit

rū̆ctō (present infinitive rū̆ctāre, perfect active rū̆ctāvī, supine rū̆ctātum); first conjugation

to belch, eructate
(figurative) to bring up noisily

Conjugation edit

Conjugation of rū̆ctō (first conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	rū̆ctō	rū̆ctās	rū̆ctat	rū̆ctāmus	rū̆ctātis	rū̆ctant
	imperfect	rū̆ctābam	rū̆ctābās	rū̆ctābat	rū̆ctābāmus	rū̆ctābātis	rū̆ctābant
	future	rū̆ctābō	rū̆ctābis	rū̆ctābit	rū̆ctābimus	rū̆ctābitis	rū̆ctābunt
	perfect	rū̆ctāvī	rū̆ctāvistī	rū̆ctāvit	rū̆ctāvimus	rū̆ctāvistis	rū̆ctāvērunt, rū̆ctāvēre
	pluperfect	rū̆ctāveram	rū̆ctāverās	rū̆ctāverat	rū̆ctāverāmus	rū̆ctāverātis	rū̆ctāverant
	future perfect	rū̆ctāverō	rū̆ctāveris	rū̆ctāverit	rū̆ctāverimus	rū̆ctāveritis	rū̆ctāverint
passive	present	rū̆ctor	rū̆ctāris, rū̆ctāre	rū̆ctātur	rū̆ctāmur	rū̆ctāminī	rū̆ctantur
	imperfect	rū̆ctābar	rū̆ctābāris, rū̆ctābāre	rū̆ctābātur	rū̆ctābāmur	rū̆ctābāminī	rū̆ctābantur
	future	rū̆ctābor	rū̆ctāberis, rū̆ctābere	rū̆ctābitur	rū̆ctābimur	rū̆ctābiminī	rū̆ctābuntur
	perfect	rū̆ctātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	rū̆ctātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	rū̆ctātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	rū̆ctem	rū̆ctēs	rū̆ctet	rū̆ctēmus	rū̆ctētis	rū̆ctent
	imperfect	rū̆ctārem	rū̆ctārēs	rū̆ctāret	rū̆ctārēmus	rū̆ctārētis	rū̆ctārent
	perfect	rū̆ctāverim	rū̆ctāverīs	rū̆ctāverit	rū̆ctāverīmus	rū̆ctāverītis	rū̆ctāverint
	pluperfect	rū̆ctāvissem	rū̆ctāvissēs	rū̆ctāvisset	rū̆ctāvissēmus	rū̆ctāvissētis	rū̆ctāvissent
passive	present	rū̆cter	rū̆ctēris, rū̆ctēre	rū̆ctētur	rū̆ctēmur	rū̆ctēminī	rū̆ctentur
	imperfect	rū̆ctārer	rū̆ctārēris, rū̆ctārēre	rū̆ctārētur	rū̆ctārēmur	rū̆ctārēminī	rū̆ctārentur
	perfect	rū̆ctātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	rū̆ctātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	rū̆ctā	—	—	rū̆ctāte	—
active	future	—	rū̆ctātō	rū̆ctātō	—	rū̆ctātōte	rū̆ctantō
passive	present	—	rū̆ctāre	—	—	rū̆ctāminī	—
passive	future	—	rū̆ctātor	rū̆ctātor	—	—	rū̆ctantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		rū̆ctāre	rū̆ctāvisse	rū̆ctātūrum esse	rū̆ctārī	rū̆ctātum esse	rū̆ctātum īrī
participles		rū̆ctāns	—	rū̆ctātūrus	—	rū̆ctātus	rū̆ctandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		rū̆ctandī	rū̆ctandō	rū̆ctandum	rū̆ctandō	rū̆ctātum	rū̆ctātū

Derived terms edit

ērū̆ctō

Related terms edit

rū̆ctor

Descendants edit

Italo-Romance:
- Italian: ruttare
- Neapolitan: gruttà
North Italian:
- Emilian: rugiar
- Ligurian: reuitâ, ruis-cé, ris-cià ⇒ rutexâr
- Lombard: ruitar ⇒ rotexar
  Alpine: ruciar
- Piedmontese: rutié, rocià, rugé
Ibero-Romance:
- Asturian: rutiar, rutar
⇒ Latin: ērūctō
- Italo-Romance:
  - Italian: eruttare
  - Sicilian: arrutari
- Ibero-Romance:
  - Galician: arrotar, arruitar, arrutar, arrutiar, rotar
  - Portuguese: arrotar
- Borrowings:
  - → French: éructer
  - → Galician: eructar
  - → English: eruct, eructate
  - → Portuguese: eructar
  - → Spanish: eructar
  - → Romanian: eructa
⇒ Vulgar Latin: [Term?], *rūctīre
- Padanian:
  - Lombard: rutir
- Southern Gallo-Romance:
  - Aragonese: rutir
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *ruptō
- Padanian:
  - Lombard: reucar
  - Piedmontese: rauté
- Northern Gallo-Romance:
  - Franco-Provençal: rotar
  - French: roter
- Southern Gallo-Romance:
  - Aragonese: rotar
  - Catalan: rotar
  - Occitan: rotar
    Gascon: rautar ⇒ arrautar, arrotar (from *ēruptō)

References edit

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-rūgō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 529
^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “rŭctare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 10: R, page 539
^ Bennett, Charles E. (1907) The Latin Language: a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 64