Wiktionary

in-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"

English edit

Etymology 1 edit

PIE word
*h₁én

From Middle English in-, from Old English in- (“in, into”, prefix), from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. More at in.

Alternative forms edit

Prefix edit

in-

  1. in, into, towards, within.
    inhold, inmove, intake, inthrill
    inborn, inbound
    infield, infighting, insight, intalk, inwork
    2. Inward (direction)
      inbeat is occurring on an inward beat, inbend is to bend or curve inwards, incave is to cave inward
    4. Within (position)
      inbreed is to produce or generate within, inburning is burning within, incircle is a circle within a polygon
Synonyms edit
Antonyms edit
Derived terms edit
English terms prefixed with in-
terms derived from in-: toward
terms derived from inward
terms derived from within
Translations edit

Etymology 2 edit

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of Latinate origin) from Latin in-, from Latin in, from Proto-Indo-European *en (cognate to Germanic in-, above). Often borrowed from French in- (e.g. incise, incite, incline, indication), or as French en-, originally from Latin in.

Prefix edit

in-

  1. in, into
    Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
    2. Into
      imband is to form into a band or bands, imbar is to bar in, imbarn is to store in a barn
    4. Doing; forming verbs.
      inbland is to blend, inblind is to make blind, incloister is to cloister
    6. Having, possessing
      imbannered is having banners, inaureole is to have a halo, incarnate is be crimson
Usage notes edit

In direction sense, used in Latinate terms, and opposed by ex-, e-, rather than Germanic out-; senses not always strict antonyms. Examples include infiltrate/exfiltrate, ingress/egress, invade/evade.

Synonyms edit
Antonyms edit
Derived terms edit
English terms prefixed with in-
terms derived from in-: direction
terms derived from in-: tendency
terms derived from into
terms derived from doing
terms derived from having

Etymology 3 edit

PIE word
*ne

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from Latin in- (“not”). Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g. incapable, incertainty, inclement, incompatible). Doublet of un-.

Prefix edit

in-

  2. (non-productive) Used with certain words to reverse their meaning.
    Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
    2. (non-productive) Added to adjectives to mean not.
      inedible
      inaccurate
    4. Added to nouns to mean lacking or without.
      incredulity
      ineptitude
    6. Cannot, unable.
      inannihilable is that cannot be annihilated, inappellable is that cannot be appealed against, inassimilable is that cannot be assimilated
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
English terms prefixed with in-
terms derived from in-: reversing meaning
terms derived from not
terms derived from absence
terms derived from cannot
Related terms edit
Translations edit

See also edit

Anagrams edit

Catalan edit

Etymology edit

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

Prefix edit

in- (before l il-, before b, m, or p im-, before r ir-)

  1. in-; un- (reversal of meaning or lack of an attribute)

Derived terms edit

Catalan terms prefixed with in-

Dutch edit

Etymology edit

From in.

Pronunciation edit

  • Audio:(file)

Prefix edit

in-

  1. prepended to a noun or adjective, it reinforces the quality signified thereby
  2. prepended to an adjective to negate its meaning; occurs mostly in borrowed terms from French: in-, un-

Derived terms edit

Dutch terms prefixed with in-

French edit

Etymology edit

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): (before a consonant) /ɛ̃/, (before a vowel) /in/
  • Audio:(file)

Prefix edit

in-

  1. in-; un- (indicates negation)

Derived terms edit

French terms prefixed with in-

German edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *en. More at in and inne-.

Prefix edit

in-

  1. (rare, only in nouns) in, inside, interior
    ‎in- + ‎Land (“land”) → ‎Inland (“domestic territory”)
    ‎in- + ‎Schrift (“writing”) → ‎Inschrift (“inscription”)
    ‎in- + ‎Sasse (“someone who sits”) → ‎Insasse (“passenger, inhabitant”)
    ‎in- + ‎Begriff (“concept”) → ‎Inbegriff (“embodiment”)
Usage notes edit
Alternative forms edit
Related terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Borrowed from Latin in-.

Prefix edit

in-

  1. (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in, into
    ‎in- + ‎filtrieren (“to filter”) → ‎infiltrieren (“to infiltrate”)

Etymology 3 edit

Borrowed from Latin in-.

Prefix edit

in-

  1. (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in-, un- (indicates negation)
    Synonyms: un-, nicht-
    ‎in- + ‎konsequent (“consistent”) → ‎inkonsequent (“inconsistent”)
Derived terms edit
German terms prefixed with in-

Further reading edit

  • “in-” in Duden online
  • “in-” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Gothic edit

Romanization edit

in-

  1. Romanization of 𐌹𐌽-

Indonesian edit

Etymology edit

From Dutch in-, from French in-, from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): [ɪn]
  • Hyphenation: in

Prefix edit

in-

  1. in-: used with certain words to reverse their meaning.

Derived terms edit

Indonesian terms prefixed with in-

Further reading edit

Irish edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Old Irish in- (“-able”).

Prefix edit

in-

  1. (productive) able to, -able (+ past participle)
    Antonym: do-
    ‎in- + ‎ite → ‎inite (“edible”)
    ‎in- + ‎déanta → ‎indéanta (“doable”)
  2. able to, -able, fit for, fit to be (+ genitive of a (verbal) noun)
    ‎in- + ‎feidhm (“function”) → ‎infheidhme (“able to function, serviceable”)
    ‎in- + ‎aistear (“journey”) → ‎inaistir (“seaworthy”)
    ‎in- + ‎leigheas (“healing”) → ‎inleighis (“curable”)

Etymology 2 edit

A prefixed form of the preposition i (“in”). Partly inherited from Old Irish in- (“in”), e.g. ‎in- + ‎ceann (“head”) → ‎inchinn (“brain”), but most words with this suffix are loans or loan translations of ultimately Latin or Greek origin, e.g. ionscóp (“endoscope”)‚ ionsoilsigh (“illuminate”).

Prefix edit

in-

  1. en-, in-, il-, im-, ir-
  2. endo-
  3. intra-
Alternative forms edit

Derived terms edit

Irish terms prefixed with in-

Mutation edit

Irish mutation
Radical Eclipsis with h-prothesis with t-prothesis
in- n-in- hin- t-in-
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading edit

  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “in-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • “in-”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

Italian edit

Alternative forms edit

  • im- (assimilated form before b-/m-/p-)
  • il- (assimilated form before l-)
  • ir- (assimilated form before r-)

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /in/
    • Hyphenation: in-
  • IPA(key): [iɱ] (before f or v)
  • IPA(key): [iŋ] (before c or g)

Etymology 1 edit

From Latin in-, a prefixation of in (“in, into”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

Prefix edit

in-

  1. (forms verbs) used to denote derivation
  2. (obsolete, rare) used as an intensifier
Usage notes edit
  • The prefix is used together with a verbal ending suffix to derive causative verbs from adjectives or nouns:
Examples:
‎in- + ‎arido (“dry”, “arid”) → ‎inaridire (“to parch”, “to dry up”)
‎in- + ‎fiamma (“flame”) → ‎infiammare (“to enflame”, “to kindle”)
  • When used with verbs, it's usually a reflection of derivation in Latin, and retains the original meaning of “into”, “inside”:
Example:
‎in- + ‎fondere → ‎infondere (“to infuse”, “to instill”) (cfr. Latin īnfundere)
  • In some cases, the meaning of “into” can also be found in verbs of modern derivation:
Example:
‎in- + ‎carcere (“jail”, “prison”) → ‎incarcerare (“to imprison”, “to incarcerate”)

Etymology 2 edit

From Latin in- (“un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne.

Prefix edit

in-

  1. used to denote negation or opposition or privation; un-; in-; a-
Usage notes edit
  • The suffix is usually found in adjectives (and nouns therefrom derived):
Examples:
‎in- + ‎coerente (“coherent”, “consistent”) → ‎incoerente (“incoherent”, “inconsistent”)
‎in- + ‎abile (“able”, “capable”) → ‎inabile (“unable”, “incapable”)
‎in- + ‎felice (“happy”) → ‎infelice (“unhappy”)
‎in- + ‎desiderabile (“desirable; advisable”) → ‎indesiderabile (“undesirable, unwelcome”)
  • More rarely, it is found in adjectives derived from nouns:
Example:
‎in- + ‎colore (“colour/color”) → ‎incolore (“uncoloured/uncolored”)
Derived terms edit
Italian terms prefixed with in-

Anagrams edit

Latin edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

    From Proto-Italic *ən-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not”), zero-grade form of the negative particle *ne (“not”). Akin to ne-, nē, nī.[1]

    Prefix edit

    in-

    1. un-, non-, not
    Usage notes edit

    Affixed primarily to adjectives.

    The pronunciation or spelling of the prefix may be changed in some situations:

    • Before b, p or m, it may become im-. The spelling in- is also found in this context.
      ‎in- + ‎barba (“beard”) → ‎imberbis (“beardless”) or inberbis.
      ‎in- + ‎patiēns (“patient”) → ‎impatiēns (“impatient”) or inpatiēns.
      ‎in- + ‎mātūrus (“mature”) → ‎immātūrus (“immature”) or inmātūrus.
    • Before l or r, it may become il- or ir-, respectively. These assimilations only became usual in post-Augustan Latin: until a late date, the usual Roman spellings were inl- and inr-.[2]
      ‎in- + ‎labōrātus (“worked, toilsome”) → ‎illabōrātus (“unworked, uncultivated”) (post-Augustan) or inlabōrātus.
      ‎in- + ‎reverēns (“reverent”) → ‎irreverēns (“irreverent”) (post-Augustan) or inreverēns.
    • Before gn and sometimes n, it becomes ig- (pronounced [ɪŋ-]).
      ‎in- + ‎gnārus (“knowlegable”) → ‎ignārus (“ignorant”)
      ‎in- + ‎nōmen (“name”) → ‎ignōminia (“dishonor”)
    • Before f or s, it becomes īn- (pronounced [ĩː-]).
      ‎in- + ‎fīnītus (“finite”) → ‎īnfīnītus (“endless, infinite”)
      ‎in- + ‎sānus (“healthy, sane”) → ‎īnsānus (“mad, insane”)
    • Before g, c or q, the spelling remains in-, but the pronunciation becomes [ɪŋ-].
    Derived terms edit
    Latin terms prefixed with in- (not)
    Descendants edit
    • → Catalan: in- (sometimes i-, or im- before p, b and m)
    • → French: in-
    • → Italian: in-
    • → Middle English: in-
    • → Portuguese: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, n, or m, and ir- before r)
    • → Sicilian: n- (m- before p, b or m, il- before l, and ir- before r)
    • → Spanish: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, and ir- before r)

    Etymology 2 edit

      Prefixation of the preposition in.[3]

      Alternative forms edit

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. Prepositional prefix, generally attached to verbs to derive new verbs with a range of meanings.
        1. in, within, inside
          ‎in- + ‎hālō (“breathe”) → ‎inhālō (“breathe in, inhale”)
        2. against; into; on, upon; to, towards
          ‎in- + ‎gradior (“step, go”) → ‎ingredior (“go into, enter”)
          ‎in- + ‎nūbō (“marry”) → ‎innūbō (“marry into”)
          ‎in- + ‎cadō (“fall”) → ‎incidō (“fall into, fall upon”)
          ‎in- + ‎pangō (“set, fix, settle, fasten”) → ‎impingō (“fasten upon, dash against, strike against”)
          ‎in- + ‎flīgō (“strike”) → ‎īnflīgō (“strike on, strike against, inflict, impose upon”)
          ‎in- + ‎vocō (“call”) → ‎invocō (“call on, call upon, invoke”)
        3. Used as an intensifier.
          ‎in- + ‎crepō (“I rattle”) → ‎increpō (“I rattle, rebuke”)
        4. Attached to inchoative verbs, can express the sense of a change being started or reaching partial completion
          ‎in- + ‎ārēscō (“I am drying, am growing drier”) → ‎inārēscō (“I start becoming dry, become somewhat dry”)[4]
      Usage notes edit

      Affixed primarily to verbs.

      The same spelling rules apply as for Etymology 1 above; see the usage notes there.

      Not to be confused with Etymology 1 above, which means "not".

      Derived terms edit
      Latin terms prefixed with in- (in)
      Descendants edit

      Etymology 3 edit

      From Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after”). Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (ánu-, “after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬎 (anu, “after; corresponding to”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎵𐎺 (a-nu-v /⁠anuv⁠/), and Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”) (whose meaning developed “along” > “past” > “without”).[5]

      Alternative forms edit

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. after
      Derived terms edit
      Latin terms prefixed with in- (after)

      References edit

      1. ^ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “1. in-”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 676f.
      2. ^ William Gardner Hale and Carl Darling Buck, 1903. Latin Grammar, page 25
      3. ^ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “2. in”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 677f.
      4. ^ Haverling, Gerd. "On Prefixes and Actionality in Classical and Late Latin." Acta Linguistica Hungarica, vol. 50, no. 1–2, 2003, pp. 113–35, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26189816. Accessed 6 Apr. 2022. Page 117
      5. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 241-44

      Further reading edit

      • “in-”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
      • De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 301

      Maltese edit

      Pronunciation edit

      Article edit

      in-

      1. Alternative form of il-

      Usage notes edit

      • Used before the letter n. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

      Northern Ndebele edit

      Etymology edit

      From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. Class 9 noun prefix.

      Usage notes edit

      The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

      Ojibwe edit

      Initial edit

      in- (root)

      1. Alternative form of iN-

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. Alternative form of nin-

      See also edit

      Ojibwe personal prefixes
      stem begins with... 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
      Consonants p t k h ch m n s sh w y ni- gi- o-
      d g ' j z zh nin-
      b nim-
      Vowels o nindo- gido- odo-
      a aa e i nind- gid- od-
      oo n- g-
      ii w-

      Old English edit

      Pronunciation edit

      Etymology 1 edit

      From in (“in”). More at in.

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. in, into
        ‎in- + ‎ēþung (“breathing”) → ‎inēþung (“inspiration”)
      2. internal, inside
        ‎in- + ‎coþu (“disease”) → ‎incoþu (“internal disease”)
        ‎in- + ‎weorc (“work”) → ‎inweorc (“indoor work”)
      Descendants edit
      • Middle English: in-

      Etymology 2 edit

      From Proto-Germanic *in- (“strong”, adj), from Proto-Indo-European *indʰro- (“swelling; strong”), from *oyd- (“to swell”).

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. (intensifying) very
        ‎in- + ‎frōd (“wise”) → ‎infrōd (“very wise”)
        ‎in- + ‎dryhten (“noble”) → ‎indryhten (“very noble”)
      Derived terms edit
      Old English terms prefixed with in-

      Old Irish edit

      Etymology 1 edit

      From conflated Proto-Celtic *en- and Proto-Celtic *eni-; these two are variants of the same prefix. Prefix form of i. Conflated with ind- quite early.

      Alternative forms edit

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. in
      Usage notes edit

      Very frequently replaced by ad- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:

      Sometimes replaced by as- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:

      Derived terms edit
      Old Irish terms prefixed with in- (in)

      References edit

      Etymology 2 edit

      (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. able to, -able (+ past participle)
        ‎in- + ‎ad·gair (“to sue”) → ‎inaccartha (“to be sued for”)
        ‎in- + ‎mescaigid (“to intoxicate”) → ‎inmescaigthe (“able to intoxicate”)
      2. able to, -able, fit for, fit to be (+ noun, an o- and a-stems usually yields an i-stem adjective)
        ‎in- + ‎bés (“custom”) → ‎inbésa (“customary”)
        ‎in- + ‎comlann (“fight”) → ‎incomlainn (“able to fight”)
        ‎in- + ‎galar (“sickness”) → ‎ingalair (“sick”)

      Etymology 3 edit

      From Proto-Celtic *an-. In is the regular outcome of *an before voiced stops unless lowered to an via a-affection.

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. Alternative form of an- (“un-, not”)
      Usage notes edit

      Used before d and g and occasionally other sounds.[1]

      Derived terms edit
      Old Irish terms prefixed with in- (not)

      Etymology 4 edit

      Prefix edit

      in- (class C infixed pronoun)

      1. Alternative form of id-

      References edit

      1. ^ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 872, page 544

      Further reading edit

      • Pedersen, Holger (1913) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen (in German), volume II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 11

      Portuguese edit

      Alternative forms edit

      • im- (before p or b)
      • ir- (before r)
      • i- (before m, n or l)

      Etymology edit

      Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. un-; not

      Derived terms edit

      Portuguese terms prefixed with in-

      Spanish edit

      Alternative forms edit

      • im- (before p or b)
      • ir- (before r)
      • i- (before l)

      Etymology edit

      Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. not (negation)

      Derived terms edit

      Spanish terms prefixed with in-

      Further reading edit

      Swazi edit

      Etymology edit

      From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. Class 9 noun prefix.

      Usage notes edit

      The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

      Tagalog edit

      Pronunciation edit

      Prefix edit

      in- (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔)

      1. prefix form of -in-

      Derived terms edit

      Tagalog terms prefixed with in-

      Xhosa edit

      Etymology edit

      From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

      Prefix edit

      in-

      1. Class 9 noun prefix.

      Usage notes edit

      The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

      Zulu edit

      Etymology edit

      From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

      Prefix edit

      ín-

      1. Class 9 noun prefix.

      Usage notes edit

      The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v). Before l, m or n, the prefix becomes i-.

      References edit

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