วัฒนธรรม
Thai edit
Etymology edit
วัฒน (wát-tá-ná-) + ธรรม (tam); calque of English culture, coined by Wan Waithayakon, displacing earlier พฤทธิธรรม.[1] Cognate with Khün ᩅᨯ᩠ᨰᨶᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼, Lao ວັດທະນະທຳ (wat tha na tham) or ວັດທະນະທັມ (wat tha na tham), Lü ᦞᧆᦒᦓᦒᧄ (vadthntham) or ᦞᧆᦒᦓᦱᦒᧄ (vadthnaatham), Northern Thai ᩅᩢᨯ᩠ᨰᨶᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺.
Pronunciation edit
| Orthographic | วัฒนธรรม w ạ ɖʰ n dʰ r r m | |
| Phonemic {Reduplication} | วัด-ทะ-นะ-ทำ w ạ ɗ – d a – n a – d å | |
| Romanization | Paiboon | wát-tá-ná-tam |
| Royal Institute | wat-tha-na-tham | |
| (standard) IPA(key) | /wat̚˦˥.tʰa˦˥.na˦˥.tʰam˧/(R) | |
Noun edit
วัฒนธรรม
Descendants edit
- → Lao: ວັດທະນະທຳ (wat tha na tham), ວັດທະນະທັມ (wat tha na tham)