ἄγνυμι

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *wágnūmi, as evidenced by Homeric metre; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *uh₂ǵ-néw-ti, from the root *weh₂ǵ- (“to break apart, split, burst”) (traditionally *wag-). Cognate with Tocharian A wāk-, Tocharian B wāk- and possibly Hittite 𒉿𒀀𒆠 (wa-a-ki /⁠wāki⁠/, “bites”), Sanskrit वज्र (vájra-, “thunderbolt”) (*“that which splits”) and Latin vāgina (“sheath; vagina”) (if originally *“fissure, slit”).^[1]^[2]^[3]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /wá.ɡnyː.mi/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ɡny.mi/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ɣny.mi/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ɣny.mi/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ɣni.mi/

Verb

ἄγνῡμῐ • (ágnūmi)

(transitive, chiefly Epic) to break, shatter
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.403:
  αὐτὰς δ’ ἐκ δίφρου βαλέω κατά θ’ ἅρματα ἄξω·
  autàs d’ ek díphrou baléō katá th’ hármata áxō;
  And I will throw them out of the chariot, and break down its framework:
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.148:
  δοχμώ τ’ ἀΐσσοντε περὶ σφίσιν ἄγνυτον ὕλην
  dokhmṓ t’ aḯssonte perì sphísin ágnuton húlēn
  and darting slantwise, they two break the wood around them

Conjugation

Present: ᾰ̓́γνῡμῐ, ᾰ̓́γνῠμαι (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ᾰ̓́γνῡμῐ	ᾰ̓́γνῡς	ᾰ̓́γνῡσῐ(ν)	ᾰ̓́γνῠτον	ᾰ̓́γνῠτον	ᾰ̓́γνῠμεν	ᾰ̓́γνῠτε	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ω, ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωμῐ	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃς, ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃσθᾰ	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃ, ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃσῐ	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ητον	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ητον	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωμεν	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ητε	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιμῐ	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οις	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οι	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιτον	ᾰ̓γνῠοίτην	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιμεν	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιτε	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιεν
	imperative		ᾰ̓́γνῡ	ᾰ̓γνῠ́τω	ᾰ̓́γνῠτον	ᾰ̓γνῠ́των		ᾰ̓́γνῠτε	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ᾰ̓́γνῠμαι	ᾰ̓́γνῠσαι	ᾰ̓́γνῠται	ᾰ̓́γνῠσθον	ᾰ̓́γνῠσθον	ᾰ̓γνῠ́μεθα	ᾰ̓́γνῠσθε	ᾰ̓́γνῠνται
	subjunctive	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωμαι	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃ	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ηται	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ησθον	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ησθον	ᾰ̓γνῠώμε(σ)θᾰ	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ησθε	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωνται
	optative	ᾰ̓γνῠοίμην	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιο	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιτο	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οισθον	ᾰ̓γνῠοίσθην	ᾰ̓γνῠοίμε(σ)θᾰ	ᾰ̓γνῠ́οισθε	ᾰ̓γνῠοίᾰτο
	imperative		ᾰ̓́γνῠσο	ᾰ̓γνῠ́σθω	ᾰ̓́γνῠσθον	ᾰ̓γνῠ́σθων		ᾰ̓́γνῠσθε	ᾰ̓γνῠ́σθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ᾰ̓γνῠ́ναι				ᾰ̓́γνῠσθαι
participle	m	ᾰ̓γνῡ́ς				ᾰ̓γνῠ́μενος
	f	ᾰ̓γνῦσᾰ				ᾰ̓γνῠμένη
	n	ᾰ̓γνῠ́ν				ᾰ̓γνῠ́μενον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Imperfect: ἐᾰ́γνῡν, ἐᾰγνῠ́μην (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἐᾰ́γνῡν	ἐᾰ́γνῡς	ἐᾰ́γνῡ	ἐᾰ́γνῠτον	ἐᾰγνῠ́την	ἐᾰ́γνῠμεν	ἐᾰ́γνῠτε	ἐᾰ́γνῠσᾰν
middle/ passive	indicative	ἐᾰγνῠ́μην	ἐᾰ́γνῠσο	ἐᾰ́γνῠτο	ἐᾰ́γνῠσθον	ἐᾰγνῠ́σθην	ἐᾰγνῠ́με(σ)θᾰ	ἐᾰ́γνῠσθε	ἐᾰ́γνῠντο
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Future: ἄξω, ἄξομαι (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἄξω	ἄξεις	ἄξει	ἄξετον	ἄξετον	ἄξομεν	ἄξετε	ἄξουσῐ(ν)
active	optative	ἄξοιμῐ	ἄξοισ(θᾰ)	ἄξοι	ἄξοιτον	ἀξοίτην	ἄξοιμεν	ἄξοιτε	ἄξοιεν
middle	indicative	ἄξομαι	ἄξεαι	ἄξεται	ἄξεσθον	ἄξεσθον	ἀξόμε(σ)θᾰ	ἄξεσθε	ἄξονται
middle	optative	ἀξοίμην	ἄξοιο	ἄξοιτο	ἄξοισθον	ἀξοίσθην	ἀξοίμε(σ)θᾰ	ἄξοισθε	ἀξοίᾰτο
		active			middle
infinitive		ἄξειν/ἀξέμεν(αι)/ἀξμέναι			ἄξεσθαι
participle	m	ἄξων			ἀξόμενος
	f	ἄξουσᾰ			ἀξομένη
	n	ἆξον			ἀξόμενον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: ἔᾰξᾰ, ἐᾰξᾰ́μην, ἐᾰ́γην (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔᾰξᾰ	ἔᾰξᾰς	ἔᾰξε(ν)	ἐᾰ́ξᾰτον	ἐᾰξᾰ́την	ἐᾰ́ξᾰμεν	ἐᾰ́ξᾰτε	ἔᾰξᾰν
	subjunctive	ᾰ̓́ξω, ᾰ̓́ξωμῐ	ᾰ̓́ξῃς, ᾰ̓́ξῃσθᾰ	ᾰ̓́ξῃ, ᾰ̓́ξῃσῐ	ᾰ̓́ξητον	ᾰ̓́ξητον	ᾰ̓́ξωμεν	ᾰ̓́ξητε	ᾰ̓́ξωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ᾰ̓́ξαιμῐ	ᾰ̓́ξαις, ᾰ̓́ξαισθᾰ, ᾰ̓́ξειᾰς	ᾰ̓́ξειε(ν), ᾰ̓́ξαι	ᾰ̓ξεῖτον	ᾰ̓ξείτην	ᾰ̓ξεῖμεν	ᾰ̓ξεῖτε	ᾰ̓ξεῖεν
	imperative		ᾰ̓́ξον	ᾰ̓ξᾰ́τω	ᾰ̓́ξᾰτον	ᾰ̓ξᾰ́των		ᾰ̓́ξᾰτε	ᾰ̓ξᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ἐᾰξᾰ́μην	ἐᾰ́ξᾰο	ἐᾰ́ξᾰτο	ἐᾰ́ξᾰσθον	ἐᾰξᾰ́σθην	ἐᾰξᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ	ἐᾰ́ξᾰσθε	ἐᾰ́ξᾰντο
	subjunctive	ᾰ̓́ξωμαι	ᾰ̓́ξηαι	ᾰ̓́ξηται	ᾰ̓́ξησθον	ᾰ̓́ξησθον	ᾰ̓ξώμε(σ)θᾰ	ᾰ̓́ξησθε	ᾰ̓́ξωνται
	optative	ᾰ̓ξαίμην	ᾰ̓́ξαιο	ᾰ̓́ξαιτο	ᾰ̓́ξαισθον	ᾰ̓ξαίσθην	ᾰ̓ξαίμε(σ)θᾰ	ᾰ̓́ξαισθε	ᾰ̓ξαίᾰτο
	imperative		ᾰ̓́ξαι	ᾰ̓ξᾰ́σθω	ᾰ̓́ξᾰσθον	ᾰ̓ξᾰ́σθων		ᾰ̓́ξᾰσθε	ᾰ̓ξᾰ́σθων
passive	indicative	ἐᾰ́γην	ἐᾰ́γης	ἐᾰ́γη	ἐᾰ́γητον	ἐᾰγήτην	ἐᾰ́γημεν	ἐᾰ́γητε	ἐᾰ́γησᾰν, ἔᾰγεν
	subjunctive	ᾰ̓γῶ	ᾰ̓γῇς	ᾰ̓γῇ	ᾰ̓γῆτον	ᾰ̓γῆτον	ᾰ̓γῶμεν	ᾰ̓γῆτε	ᾰ̓γῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ᾰ̓γείην	ᾰ̓γείης	ᾰ̓γείη	ᾰ̓γεῖτον, ᾰ̓γείητον	ᾰ̓γείτην, ᾰ̓γειήτην	ᾰ̓γεῖμεν, ᾰ̓γείημεν	ᾰ̓γεῖτε, ᾰ̓γείητε	ᾰ̓́γειεν, ᾰ̓γείησᾰν
	imperative		ᾰ̓́γηθῐ	ᾰ̓γήτω	ᾰ̓́γητον	ᾰ̓γήτων		ᾰ̓́γητε	ᾰ̓γέντων
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ᾰ̓́ξαι/ᾰ̓ξᾰ́μεν/ᾰ̓ξᾰμέναι			ᾰ̓́ξᾰσθαι		ᾰ̓γῆναι/ᾰ̓γήμεναι
participle	m	ᾰ̓́ξᾱς			ᾰ̓ξᾰ́μενος		ᾰ̓γείς
	f	ᾰ̓́ξᾱσᾰ			ᾰ̓ξᾰμένη		ᾰ̓γεῖσᾰ
	n	ᾰ̓́ξᾰν			ᾰ̓ξᾰ́μενον		ᾰ̓γέν
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: ἦξᾰ, ἠξᾰ́μην, ᾰ̓́γην (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἦξᾰ	ἦξᾰς	ἦξε(ν)	ἤξᾰτον	ἠξᾰ́την	ἤξᾰμεν	ἤξᾰτε	ἦξᾰν
middle	indicative	ἠξᾰ́μην	ἤξᾰο	ἤξᾰτο	ἤξᾰσθον	ἠξᾰ́σθην	ἠξᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ	ἤξᾰσθε	ἤξᾰντο
passive	indicative	ᾰ̓́γην	ᾰ̓́γης	ᾰ̓́γη	ᾰ̓́γητον	ᾰ̓γήτην	ᾰ̓́γημεν	ᾰ̓́γητε	ᾰ̓́γησᾰν, ᾰ̓́γεν
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: ἔᾱγᾰ

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔᾱγᾰ	ἔᾱγᾰς	ἔᾱγε(ν)	ἐᾱ́γᾰτον	ἐᾱ́γᾰτον	ἐᾱ́γᾰμεν	ἐᾱ́γᾰτε	ἐᾱ́γᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἐᾱ́γω	ἐᾱ́γῃς	ἐᾱ́γῃ	ἐᾱ́γητον	ἐᾱ́γητον	ἐᾱ́γωμεν	ἐᾱ́γητε	ἐᾱ́γωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἐᾱ́γοιμῐ, ἐᾱγοίην	ἐᾱ́γοις, ἐᾱγοίης	ἐᾱ́γοι, ἐᾱγοίη	ἐᾱ́γοιτον	ἐᾱγοίτην	ἐᾱ́γοιμεν	ἐᾱ́γοιτε	ἐᾱ́γοιεν
	imperative		ἔᾱγε	ἐᾱγέτω	ἐᾱ́γετον	ἐᾱγέτων		ἐᾱ́γετε	ἐᾱγόντων
		active
infinitive		ἐᾱγέναι
participle	m	ἐᾱγώς
	f	ἐᾱγυῖᾰ
	n	ἐᾱγός
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

ἀαγής (aagḗs)
Ἀστυάγης (Astuágēs)
κατάγνυμι (katágnumi)
ναυᾱ́γιον (nauā́gion)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄγνυμι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 13–14
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “u̯āk-ⁱ / u̯akk-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 939–940
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “wāk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 635–636