가깝다

Korean

Alternative forms

가찹다 (gachapda), 가직다 (gajikda), 가적다 (gajeokda), 가죽다 (gajukda), 개직다 (gaejikda), 개작다 (gaejakda) (all dialectal)

Etymology

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 갓갑〯다〮 (Yale: kàskǎp-tá), most plausibly from the unattested verbal root *가ᄌᆞᆨ (Yale: *kacok-, probably "to approach") + 아ᇦ〯 (Yale: -ǎW, adjective-deriving suffix). Dialects commonly preserve the original root.^[1]

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠k͈a̠p̚t͈a̠]
Phonetic hangul: [가깝따]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	gakkapda
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	ga'kkabda
McCune–Reischauer^?	kakkapta
Yale Romanization^?	ka.kkapta

Adjective

가깝다 • (gakkapda) (irregular, infinitive 가까워, sequential 가까우니)

to be close, to be near (in distance, time, emotional rapport, kinship, etc.)
Antonym: 멀다 (meolda)

가까운 친척 ― gakkaun chincheok ― close relatives

새로 이사한 집 은 학교 와 가깝다.
Saero isahan jib-eun hakgyo-wa gakkapda.
The school is close to our new house.

Conjugation

North Korean Standard:

Selected forms of the adjective 가깝다 (gakkapda)

Sentence-final forms
	Formal non polite (해라체)	Informal non polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
indicative	가깝다 (gakkapda) past: 가까웠다 (gakkawatda)	가까워 (gakkawa) past: 가까웠어 (gakkawasseo)	가까워요 (gakkawayo) past: 가까웠어요 (gakkawasseoyo)	가깝습니다 (gakkapseumnida) past: 가까웠습니다 (gakkawatseumnida)
interrogative	가까우냐 (gakkaunya) past: 가까웠냐 (gakkawannya)	가까워 (gakkawa) past: 가까웠어 (gakkawasseo)	가까워요 (gakkawayo) past: 가까웠어요 (gakkawasseoyo)	가깝습니까 (gakkapseumnikka) past: 가까웠습니까 (gakkawatseumnikka)
assertive	가깝겠다 (gakkapgetda)	가깝겠어 (gakkapgesseo)	가깝겠어요 (gakkapgesseoyo)	가깝겠습니다 (gakkapgesseumnida)
Connective forms
cause or reason	가까워 (gakkawa)	가까워서 (gakkawaseo)	가까우니 (gakkauni)	가까우니까 (gakkaunikka)
contrast	가깝지만 (gakkapjiman)	가까운데 (gakkaunde)	가깝더니 (gakkapdeoni)	conjunction 가깝고 (gakkapgo)
condition	가까우면 (gakkaumyeon)	가까워야 (gakkawaya)
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		가까움 (gakkaum)	가깝기 (gakkapgi)
Past-tense verbal nouns		가까웠음 (gakkawasseum)	가까웠기 (gakkawatgi)
Determiners			present 가까운 (gakkaun)	future 가까울 (gakkaul)

Sentence-final forms with honorific
	Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
indicative	가까우시다 (gakkausida) past: 가까우셨다 (gakkausyeotda)	가까우셔 (gakkausyeo) past: 가까우셨어 (gakkausyeosseo)	가까우세요 (gakkauseyo) or 가까우셔요 (gakkausyeoyo) past: 가까우셨어요 (gakkausyeosseoyo)	가까우십니다 (gakkausimnida) past: 가까우셨습니다 (gakkausyeotseumnida)
interrogative	가까우시냐 (gakkausinya) past: 가까우셨냐 (gakkausyeonnya)	가까우셔 (gakkausyeo) past: 가까우셨어 (gakkausyeosseo)	가까우세요 (gakkauseyo) or 가까우셔요 (gakkausyeoyo) past: 가까우셨어요 (gakkausyeosseoyo)	가까우십니까 (gakkausimnikka) past: 가까우셨습니까 (gakkausyeotseumnikka)
assertive	가까우시겠다 (gakkausigetda)	가까우시겠어 (gakkausigesseo)	가까우시겠어요 (gakkausigesseoyo)	가까우시겠습니다 (gakkausigetseumnida)
Connective forms with honorific
cause or reason	가까우셔 (gakkausyeo)	가까우셔서 (gakkausyeoseo)	가까우시니 (gakkausini)	가까우시니까 (gakkausinikka)
contrast	가까우시지만 (gakkausijiman)	가까우신데 (gakkausinde)	가까우시더니 (gakkausideoni)	conjunction 가까우시고 (gakkausigo)
condition	가까우시면 (gakkausimyeon)	가까우셔야 (gakkausyeoya)
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		가까우심 (gakkausim)	가까우시기 (gakkausigi)
Past-tense verbal nouns		가까우셨음 (gakkausyeosseum)	가까우셨기 (gakkausyeotgi)
Determiners			present 가까우신 (gakkausin)	future 가까우실 (gakkausil)

South Korean Standard:

Selected forms of the adjective 가깝다 (gakkapda): consonant-stem, ㅂ(b)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	가깝다 gakkapda	가까워 gakkawo	가까워요 gakkawoyo	가깝습니다 gakkapseumnida
Indicative	Past	가까웠다 gakkawotda	가까웠어 gakkawosseo	가까웠어요 gakkawosseoyo	가까웠습니다 gakkawotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가까우냐 gakkaunya	가까워 gakkawo	가까워요 gakkawoyo	가깝습니까 gakkapseumnikka
Interrogative	Past	가까웠냐 gakkawonnya	가까웠어 gakkawosseo	가까웠어요 gakkawosseoyo	가까웠습니까 gakkawotseumnikka
Assertive		가깝겠다 gakkapgetda	가깝겠어 gakkapgesseo	가깝겠어요 gakkapgesseoyo	가깝겠습니다 gakkapgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		가까워 gakkawo	가까워서 gakkawoseo	가까우니 gakkauni	가까우니까 gakkaunikka
Contrast		가깝지만 gakkapjiman	가까운데 gakkaunde	가깝더니 gakkapdeoni
Conjunction		가깝고 gakkapgo
Condition		가까우면 gakkaumyeon	가까워야 gakkawoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		가까움 gakkaum	가깝기 gakkapgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		가까웠음 gakkawosseum	가까웠기 gakkawotgi
Determiners	Present		가까운 gakkaun
Determiners	Future		가까울 gakkaul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	가까우시다 gakkausida	가까우셔 gakkausyeo	가까우세요, 가까우셔요 gakkauseyo, gakkausyeoyo	가까우십니다 gakkausimnida
Indicative	Past	가까우셨다 gakkausyeotda	가까우셨어 gakkausyeosseo	가까우셨어요 gakkausyeosseoyo	가까우셨습니다 gakkausyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가까우시냐 gakkausinya	가까우셔 gakkausyeo	가까우세요, 가까우셔요 gakkauseyo, gakkausyeoyo	가까우십니까 gakkausimnikka
Interrogative	Past	가까우셨냐 gakkausyeonnya	가까우셨어 gakkausyeosseo	가까우셨어요 gakkausyeosseoyo	가까우셨습니까 gakkausyeotseumnikka
Assertive		가까우시겠다 gakkausigetda	가까우시겠어 gakkausigesseo	가까우시겠어요 gakkausigesseoyo	가까우시겠습니다 gakkausigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		가까우셔 gakkausyeo	가까우셔서 gakkausyeoseo	가까우시니 gakkausini	가까우시니까 gakkausinikka
Contrast		가까우시지만 gakkausijiman	가까우신데 gakkausinde	가까우시더니 gakkausideoni
Conjunction		가까우시고 gakkausigo
Condition		가까우시면 gakkausimyeon	가까우셔야 gakkausyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		가까우심 gakkausim	가까우시기 gakkausigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		가까우셨음 gakkausyeosseum	가까우셨기 gakkausyeotgi
Determiners	Present		가까우신 gakkausin
Determiners	Future		가까우실 gakkausil

References

^ 이승재 (Yi Seung-jae) (1983) “재구와 방언분화 [jaeguwa bang'eonbunhwa, Reconstructions and dialectal divergence]”, in Gugeohak, volume 12

[1] 이승재 (Yi Seung-jae) (1983) “재구와 방언분화 [jaeguwa bang'eonbunhwa, Reconstructions and dialectal divergence]”, in Gugeohak, volume 12

[1]