Appendix:Finnish nominal inflection/risti

KOTUS type 5 (risti)	NSK type 4 (risti) and 7 (kalsium)

Two-syllable nominals ending with -i; consonant gradation possible. Also words formed using the suffix -kki.

Partitive ending -a/-ä and genitive plural ending -en. -i of stem changes to -e- before plural marker -i-, except in genitive plural, where it is dropped.

Foreign words and loan words ending in a consonant are often declined following this type: the nominative singular has no -i ending, but the rest of the declension is as for an -i nominal, including the illative singular -iin.

Basic declension without consonant gradation

ends with -i back vowels (contains a, o or u)	ends with -i front vowels (no a, o or u)
Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) nominative tuoli tuolit genitive tuolin tuolien partitive tuolia tuoleja illative tuoliin tuoleihin singular plural nominative tuoli tuolit accusative nom. tuoli tuolit gen. tuolin genitive tuolin tuolien partitive tuolia tuoleja inessive tuolissa tuoleissa elative tuolista tuoleista illative tuoliin tuoleihin adessive tuolilla tuoleilla ablative tuolilta tuoleilta allative tuolille tuoleille essive tuolina tuoleina translative tuoliksi tuoleiksi instructive — tuolein abessive tuolitta tuoleitta comitative — tuoleineen Possessive forms of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (type risti) possessor singular plural 1st person tuolini tuolimme 2nd person tuolisi tuolinne 3rd person tuolinsa	Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) nominative risti ristit genitive ristin ristien partitive ristiä ristejä illative ristiin risteihin singular plural nominative risti ristit accusative nom. risti ristit gen. ristin genitive ristin ristien partitive ristiä ristejä inessive ristissä risteissä elative rististä risteistä illative ristiin risteihin adessive ristillä risteillä ablative ristiltä risteiltä allative ristille risteille essive ristinä risteinä translative ristiksi risteiksi instructive — ristein abessive ristittä risteittä comitative — risteineen Possessive forms of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (type risti) possessor singular plural 1st person ristini ristimme 2nd person ristisi ristinne 3rd person ristinsä
loan word back vowels (contains a, o or u)	loan word front vowels (no a, o or u)
Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) nominative kalsium kalsiumit genitive kalsiumin kalsiumien partitive kalsiumia kalsiumeja illative kalsiumiin kalsiumeihin singular plural nominative kalsium kalsiumit accusative nom. kalsium kalsiumit gen. kalsiumin genitive kalsiumin kalsiumien partitive kalsiumia kalsiumeja inessive kalsiumissa kalsiumeissa elative kalsiumista kalsiumeista illative kalsiumiin kalsiumeihin adessive kalsiumilla kalsiumeilla ablative kalsiumilta kalsiumeilta allative kalsiumille kalsiumeille essive kalsiumina kalsiumeina translative kalsiumiksi kalsiumeiksi instructive — kalsiumein abessive kalsiumitta kalsiumeitta comitative — kalsiumeineen Possessive forms of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (type risti) possessor singular plural 1st person kalsiumini kalsiumimme 2nd person kalsiumisi kalsiuminne 3rd person kalsiuminsa	Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) nominative preesens preesensit genitive preesensin preesensien partitive preesensiä preesensejä illative preesensiin preesenseihin singular plural nominative preesens preesensit accusative nom. preesens preesensit gen. preesensin genitive preesensin preesensien partitive preesensiä preesensejä inessive preesensissä preesenseissä elative preesensistä preesenseistä illative preesensiin preesenseihin adessive preesensillä preesenseillä ablative preesensiltä preesenseiltä allative preesensille preesenseille essive preesensinä preesenseinä translative preesensiksi preesenseiksi instructive — preesensein abessive preesensittä preesenseittä comitative — preesenseineen Possessive forms of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (type risti) possessor singular plural 1st person preesensini preesensimme 2nd person preesensisi preesensinne 3rd person preesensinsä
in proper names (with or without ending i)
Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) nominative Robert Robertit genitive Robertin Robertien partitive Robertia Roberteja illative Robertiin Roberteihin singular plural nominative Robert Robertit accusative nom. Robert Robertit gen. Robertin genitive Robertin Robertien partitive Robertia Roberteja inessive Robertissa Roberteissa elative Robertista Roberteista illative Robertiin Roberteihin adessive Robertilla Roberteilla ablative Robertilta Roberteilta allative Robertille Roberteille essive Robertina Roberteina translative Robertiksi Roberteiksi instructive — Robertein abessive Robertitta Roberteitta comitative — Roberteineen Possessive forms of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (type risti) possessor singular plural 1st person Robertini Robertimme 2nd person Robertisi Robertinne 3rd person Robertinsa

Consonant gradation

Loan words generally do not undergo consonant gradation.

Summary

	KOTUS	*A	*B	*C	*D	*E	*F	*G	*I	*J
	grade	kk → k	pp → p	tt → t	k → ∅	p → v	t → d	nk → ng	lt → ll	nt → nn
nominative	strong	tukki	nuppi	niitti	laki	hupi	koti	vanki	pelti	tunti
genitive	weak	tukin	nupin	niitin	lain	huvin	kodin	vangin	pellin	tunnin
partitive	strong	tukkia	nuppia	niittia	lakia	hupia	kotia	vankia	peltiä	tuntia
elative	weak	tukista	nupista	niitista	laista	huvista	kodista	vangista	pellistä	tunnista
illative	strong	tukkiin	nuppiin	niittiin	lakiin	hupiin	kotiin	vankiin	peltiin	tuntiin

Complete declension example with consonant gradation (t → d)

Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (Kotus type 5*F/risti, t-d gradation)
nominative		koti	kodit
genitive		kodin	kotien
partitive		kotia	koteja
illative		kotiin	koteihin
		singular	plural
nominative		koti	kodit
accusative	nom.	koti	kodit
	gen.	kodin
genitive		kodin	kotien
partitive		kotia	koteja
inessive		kodissa	kodeissa
elative		kodista	kodeista
illative		kotiin	koteihin
adessive		kodilla	kodeilla
ablative		kodilta	kodeilta
allative		kodille	kodeille
essive		kotina	koteina
translative		kodiksi	kodeiksi
instructive		—	kodein
abessive		koditta	kodeitta
comitative		—	koteineen

Possessive forms of Finnish nominal inflection/risti (type risti)
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	kotini	kotimme
2nd person	kotisi	kotinne
3rd person	kotinsa