Reconstruction:Proto-Georgian-Zan/ḳar-

This Proto-Georgian-Zan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Georgian-Zan

Etymology

From Proto-Kartvelian *ḳar- (“to bind”). The root meaning "to strike, beat" probably developed from the basic meaning via wrestling. Both senses are found in the Armenian loanword կռուիմ (kṙuim). For the sense development compare dialectal Armenian կպնել (kpnel, “to stick to, to touch; to wrestle”).

Root

*ḳar- ~ *ḳr-

1. to bind

Descendants

• ⇒ Old Georgian: კრვა (ḳrva, “binding, tying up”), ⇒ შე-ვ-კარ (še-v-ḳar, “I joined”), კერ-ვ-ა (ḳer-v-a, “sewing”)
• Zan:
  • ⇒ Laz: ო-კორ-უ (o-ǩor-u, “to bind”), კორ-უმ-ს (ǩor-um-s)
  • ⇒ Mingrelian: კირ-უ-ა (ḳir-u-a), კჷრ-უ-ა (ḳər-u-a, “to bind”)
• → Old Armenian: կարեմ (karem)

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “կռիւ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 671b
• Klimov, G. A. (1998) Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 86
• Fähnrich, Heinz (2007) Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 222
• Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate‎^[1], PhD dissertation, Leiden University, page 54

Root

*ḳar- ~ *ḳr-

1. to strike, beat

Descendants

• ⇒ Old Georgian: კრვა (ḳrva, “striking, beating”), და-ვ-კარ-ი (da-v-ḳar-i, “[I] strike”)
  • Georgian: კრვა (ḳrva)
  • → Old Armenian: կռուիմ (kṙuim), կռուեմ (kṙuem), ⇒ կռիւ (kṙiw)
    • Armenian: կռվել (kṙvel)
    • Armenian: կռիվ (kṙiv)
      • → Georgian: კრივი (ḳrivi)
• Zan:
  • Laz:
    • ⇒ ონკორუ (onǩoru, “striking, beating”), ვ-კირ-უფ (v-ǩir-up, “[I] strike”)
    • ⇒? ონკორუ (onǩoru, “rumination”)
  • Mingrelian:
    • ⇒ გინოკირაფა (ginoḳirapa, “kicking, punching, striking a blow”)
    • ⇒? ნკორუა (nḳorua, “rumination”)

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “կռիւ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 671b
• Klimov, G. A. (1998) Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 86
• Penrixi (Fähnrich), Hainc, Sarǯvelaʒe, Zurab (2000) Kartvelur enata eṭimologiuri leksiḳoni [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Georgian), 2nd edition, Tbilisi: Tbilisi Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani State University Press, page 264
• Fähnrich, Heinz (2007) Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 223
• Kiria, Č̣abuḳi, Ezugbaia, Lali, Memišiši, Omar, Čuxua, Merab (2015) Lazur-megruli gramaṭiḳa [Laz–Mingrelian Grammar] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Gamomcemloba Meridiani, page 805