Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/faluz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

This Proto-Germanic entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑ.luz/

Adjective

*faluz

terrible; cruel; bad; baleful

Inflection

Declension of *faluz (u-stem)

strong declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*faluz	*faljai	*falī	*faljôz	falų, -jatō	*faljō
accusative	*faljanǭ	*faljanz	*faljǭ	*faljōz	falų, -jatō	*faljō
genitive	faljas, falis	*faljaizǫ̂	*faljaizōz	*faljaizǫ̂	faljas, falis	*faljaizǫ̂
dative	*faljammai	*faljaimaz	*faljaizōi	*faljaimaz	*faljammai	*faljaimaz
instrumental	*faljanō	*faljaimiz	*faljaizō	*faljaimiz	*faljanō	*faljaimiz

weak declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*faljô	*faljaniz	*faljǭ	*faljōniz	*faljô	*faljōnō
accusative	*faljanų	*faljanunz	*faljōnų	*faljōnunz	*faljô	*faljōnō
genitive	*faliniz	*faljanǫ̂	*faljōniz	*faljōnǫ̂	*faliniz	*faljanǫ̂
dative	*falini	*faljammaz	*faljōni	*faljōmaz	*falini	*faljammaz
instrumental	*falinē	*faljammiz	*faljōnē	*faljōmiz	*falinē	*faljammiz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *fali, *falu
- Old English: *fæle, *felo, *fel^[1]
  - Middle English: fel, fell (“wicked, treacherous”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French fel^[2])
    - English: fell
    - Scots: fell
  - ⇒ Old English: ælfæle, ealfelo (“very cruel”, literally “all-cruel”)
  - ⇒ Old English: wælfel (“bloodthirsty”, literally “slaughter-cruel”)
- Old Frisian: fal, fale, *fel, *fele (“terrible”) ([1404], hapax, presumed inherited^[3], if not borrowed from Middle Dutch^[4])
  - Saterland Frisian: fäl (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)
  - West Frisian: fel (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch^[5])
- Old Saxon: *feli, *fel
  - Middle Low German: fel, vil (“godless, evil”) (or from Middle Dutch?^[6]^[7])
    - German Low German: fell
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: velike (“fiercely”) (or from Middle Dutch?)
- Old Dutch: *feli, *fel, *felli
  - Middle Dutch: fel, felle (“cruel, wicked, embittered”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French^[8])
    - Dutch: fel
- Old High German: *feli, *fel
  - Middle High German: vel (“cruel, heartless, evil”) ([± 1340, Minnereden]^[9], reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French^[10])
    - ⇒ Middle High German: velheit, felheit (“wickedness”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], or from Middle Dutch?)
- → Vulgar Latin: [Term?] (“cruel, evil”)
  - Old French: felon, feloun (obl.), fel, fels (nom.) (see there for further descendants)
  - Old Occitan: felon, felhon, fellon (obl.), fel, felh (nom.)
    - Occitan: fèl

References

^ Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “FEL,felo,fæle”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 274.
^ “Proto-Germanic/faluz”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
^ W.J. Buma (1996) “fāle”, in Vollständiges Wörterbuch zum westerlauwersschen Jus Municipale Frisonum (in German), Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy
^ von Richthofen, Karl (1840) “fal”, in Altfriesisches Wörterbuch [Old Frisian Dictionary] (in German), Dieterich Göttingen, page 725
^ “faluz”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
^ Lübben, August & Christoph Walter (1888) Mittelniederdeutsches Handwörterbuch‎^[1] (in German), page 473: “fel”
^ Schlüter, Josef (1952). Die niederländischen Wörter in der westmünsterländischen Mundart, Dissertation at university of Münster.
^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “fel”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
^ “vel” in Findebuch zum mittelhochdeutschen Wortschatz
^ Rosenquist, A. (1932) Der französische Einfluss auf die mittelhochdeutsche Sprache in der ersten Hälfte des des XIV. Jahrhunderts (in German)

[1] Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “FEL,felo,fæle”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 274.

[2] “Proto-Germanic/faluz”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

[3] W.J. Buma (1996) “fāle”, in Vollständiges Wörterbuch zum westerlauwersschen Jus Municipale Frisonum (in German), Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy

[4] von Richthofen, Karl (1840) “fal”, in Altfriesisches Wörterbuch [Old Frisian Dictionary] (in German), Dieterich Göttingen, page 725

[5] “faluz”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

[6] Lübben, August & Christoph Walter (1888) Mittelniederdeutsches Handwörterbuch‎^[1] (in German), page 473: “fel”

[7] Schlüter, Josef (1952). Die niederländischen Wörter in der westmünsterländischen Mundart, Dissertation at university of Münster.

[8] van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “fel”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

[9] “vel” in Findebuch zum mittelhochdeutschen Wortschatz

[10] Rosenquist, A. (1932) Der französische Einfluss auf die mittelhochdeutsche Sprache in der ersten Hälfte des des XIV. Jahrhunderts (in German)

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