Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwehwlą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlom (“wheel”). The plural *hweulō is from the Proto-Indo-European collective *kʷekʷléh₂ (“wheels”), and the neuter gender was likely back-formed from that.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxʷe.xʷlɑ̃/

Noun

*hwehwlą n

1. wheel

Inflection

The plural *hweulō descends from an Indo-European collective noun and shows the original Verner alternant *gw, which later became *w (represented by *u).

neuter a-stemDeclension of *hwehwlą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hwehwlą	*hweulō
vocative	*hwehwlą	*hweulō
accusative	*hwehwlą	*hweulō
genitive	*hwehwlas, *hwihwlis	*hweulǫ̂
dative	*hwehwlai	*hweulamaz
instrumental	*hwehwlō	*hweulamiz

Related terms

• *hwelą

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hwehwl
  • Old English: hweogl, hweogol, hweohl, hweowl, hweowol (from singular), hwēol (from plural *hweulō)
    • Middle English: whel, whele, qweel
      • English: wheel
      • Scots: wheel
  • Old Frisian: hwēl (in compounds), fiāl, tziāl
    • North Frisian: weyel, weel
    • Saterland Frisian: Wäil, Jool
    • West Frisian: fjil, tsjil, tsjel
  • Old Saxon: hwiol
    • Middle Low German: wêl, wiel
      • German Low German: Weel
  • Old Dutch: *wiol
    • Middle Dutch: wiel, weel
      • Dutch: wiel
        • Afrikaans: wiel
        • Negerhollands: wiel, wil
        • → Caribbean Javanese: wil
        • → Papiamentu: wil
        • → Sranan Tongo: wiri
      • Limburgish: weel
      • → Old Frisian: wēl
        • West Frisian: wiele
  • Old High German: *wihil
    • >? Middle High German: *wihel (possibly extinct as simplex)
      • >? German: Wiel, Wiele (“whirl, vortex”, 15th c., may be from Low German, but uncertain)
    • ⇒ Old High German: wihilstein; *wihilasca
      • German: wihelstein; *wihelesche
        • German: Wielstein; Wielesche
• Old Norse: hvél (from singular), hjól (from plural *hweulō)
  • Icelandic: hjól, hvel
  • Faroese: hjól, hvæl
  • Norwegian Bokmål: hjul
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: hjul, kvel
  • Norn: hurl
  • Old Swedish: hiūl, hiughl
    • Swedish: hjul
  • Danish: hjul
  • Elfdalian: juol