Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷékʷlos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated derivative of *kʷel- (“to turn”).

Noun

*kʷékʷlos m (non-ablauting)

1. wheel
2. circle

Alternative forms

• *kʷekʷlóm
• *kʷókʷlos
• *kuklós (= *kʷₔkʷlós reanalyzed as containing *-lós?)

Reconstruction notes

This Proto-Indo-European word has been proposed as the source of Sumerian 𒄑𒇀 (^ĜIŠGIGIR, “chariot”), Aramaic and Hebrew גַּלְגַּל (galgal, “anything that rolls; wheel”) (but compare גָּלַל (gālal, “to roll”)), and Proto-Kartvelian *grgar. The similarly shaped Chinese 軲轆／轱辘 (*guk luk) is only attested in the last few centuries and may be the result of convergent onomatopoeic derivation. Instead, the undetermined 車 (*kla, “chariot” > “car”) may be a borrowing from a descendant form of this root from the spread of the chariot. See Chariot (China).

Inflection

Thematic
	singular	collective
nominative	*kʷékʷlos	*kʷekʷléh₂
genitive	*kʷékʷlosyo	*kʷekʷlósyo
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*kʷékʷlos	*kʷékʷloh₁	*kʷékʷloes	*kʷekʷléh₂
vocative	*kʷékʷle	*kʷékʷloh₁	*kʷékʷloes	*kʷekʷléh₂
accusative	*kʷékʷlom	*kʷékʷloh₁	*kʷékʷloms	*kʷekʷléh₂
genitive	*kʷékʷlosyo	*?	*kʷékʷloHom	*kʷekʷlósyo
ablative	*kʷékʷlead	*?	*kʷékʷlomos, *kʷékʷlobʰos	*kʷekʷléad
dative	*kʷékʷloey	*?	*kʷékʷlomos, *kʷékʷlobʰos	*kʷekʷlóey
locative	*kʷékʷley, *kʷékʷloy	*?	*kʷékʷloysu	*kʷekʷléy, *kʷekʷlóy
instrumental	*kʷékʷloh₁	*?	*kʷékʷlōys	*kʷekʷlóh₁

Descendants

• Anatolian:
  • (perhaps) Hittite: 𒃻𒆪𒄢𒆷 (^NINDAKU.GUL.LA, “lard biscuit, doughnut”)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaklas (< *kʷokʷlos)
  • Latgalian: koklys (“neck”)
  • Latvian: kakls (“neck”)
  • Lithuanian: kãklas (“neck”)
  • → Proto-Finnic: *kakla (“neck”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *hwehwlą (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *kʷókʷlos (< *kʷokʷlos) or *kúklos? (< *kʷukʷlos)
  • Ancient Greek: κύκλος (kúklos, “cycle, wheel”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakrám (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)
• Phrygian: κίκλην (kíklēn) (+ *-ēn)
• Proto-Tocharian: *kuk(ä)le (< *kʷukʷlo-)
  • Tocharian A: kukäl
  • Tocharian B: kokale