Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sumaraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-, (cf. Old Armenian ամառն (amaṙn, “summer”)), an oblique r-stem based on *s(e)m-eh₂- (“summer, year”) (cf. Tocharian A ṣme, ṣmāye, Sanskrit समा (sámā, “season, year”), thematicized differently in Proto-Celtic *samos, Old Armenian ամ (am, “year”)).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsu.mɑ.rɑz/

Noun

*sumaraz m

summer

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *sumaraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*sumaraz	sumarōz, sumarōs
vocative	*sumar	sumarōz, sumarōs
accusative	*sumarą	*sumaranz
genitive	sumaras, sumaris	*sumarǫ̂
dative	*sumarai	*sumaramaz
instrumental	*sumarō	*sumaramiz

Derived terms

*sumarōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *sumar
- Old English: sumor, sumer, sumur
  - Middle English: sumer, somer
    - English: summer
    - Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer
    - Yola: zimmer, zummer
- Old Frisian: sumur, sumer
  - Saterland Frisian: Suumer
  - West Frisian: simmer
- Old Saxon: sumar
  - Middle Low German: somer, sommer
    - Low German:
      - German Low German: Summer, Sommer, Sömmer
        Westphalian:
        Paderbornisch: Sumer
        Sauerländisch: Suemer, Sūmer, Summer, Sommer
        Westmünsterländisch: Sommer
    - Plautdietsch: Somma
- Old Dutch: *sumar
  - Middle Dutch: sōmer
    - Dutch: zomer
      - Afrikaans: somer
    - Limburgish: zómmer
    - West Flemish: zommer
- Old High German: sumar
  - Middle High German: sumer
    - German: Sommer
    - Hunsrik: Sommer
    - Luxembourgish: Summer
    - Mòcheno: summer
    - Silesian East Central German: Summer
    - Vilamovian: zumer
    - Yiddish: זומער (zumer)
Old Norse: sumar, sumarr m; somar n, somarr m
- Icelandic: sumar
- Faroese: summar
- Norn: sommer
- Norwegian Nynorsk: sumar
- Jamtish: somarr, samarr
- Elfdalian: såmår
- Old Swedish: somar, sumar
  - Swedish: sommar
- Old Danish: somær, sumær
  - Danish: sommer
    - Norwegian Bokmål: sommer
  - Scanian: sǫmmar
- Gutnish: summar