Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weh₁ros

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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Presumed either from *weh₁- +‎ *-rós (Caland system suffix),[1] or *weh₁r- +‎ *-ós;[2][3] however, the expected outcomes of oxytona *weh₁rós would be Proto-Celtic **wiros, and Proto-Germanic **weraz, due to pretonic vowel shortening according to Dybo's law,[4] if this law holds true.

Adjective

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*weh₁ros (non-ablauting)[2]

  1. true

Inflection

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Thematic
masculine feminine
nominative *weh₁ros *weh₁reh₂
genitive *weh₁rosyo *weh₁reh₂s
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *weh₁ros *weh₁roh₁ *weh₁roes
vocative *weh₁re *weh₁roh₁ *weh₁roes
accusative *weh₁rom *weh₁roh₁ *weh₁roms
genitive *weh₁rosyo *? *weh₁roHom
ablative *weh₁read *? *weh₁romos, *weh₁robʰos
dative *weh₁roey *? *weh₁romos, *weh₁robʰos
locative *weh₁rey, *weh₁roy *? *weh₁roysu
instrumental *weh₁roh₁ *? *weh₁rōys
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *weh₁reh₂ *weh₁reh₂h₁(e) *weh₁reh₂es
vocative *weh₁reh₂ *weh₁reh₂h₁(e) *weh₁reh₂es
accusative *weh₁rām *weh₁reh₂h₁(e) *weh₁reh₂m̥s
genitive *weh₁reh₂s *? *weh₁reh₂oHom
ablative *weh₁reh₂s *? *weh₁reh₂mos, *weh₁reh₂bʰos
dative *weh₁reh₂ey *? *weh₁reh₂mos, *weh₁reh₂bʰos
locative *weh₁reh₂, *weh₁reh₂i *? *weh₁reh₂su
instrumental *weh₁reh₂h₁ *? *weh₁reh₂mis, *weh₁reh₂bʰis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *weh₁rom *weh₁roy(h₁) *weh₁reh₂
vocative *weh₁rom *weh₁roy(h₁) *weh₁reh₂
accusative *weh₁rom *weh₁roy(h₁) *weh₁reh₂
genitive *weh₁rosyo *? *weh₁roHom
ablative *weh₁read *? *weh₁romos, *weh₁robʰos
dative *weh₁roey *? *weh₁romos, *weh₁robʰos
locative *weh₁rey, *weh₁roy *? *weh₁roysu
instrumental *weh₁roh₁ *? *weh₁rōys

Alternative reconstructions

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Descendants

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  • Proto-Albanian: *wara[5]
    • Albanian: *ur[5]
      • ? Albanian: urtë (quiet, intelligent) (+ -të)
  • Proto-Celtic: *wīros (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *wēraz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *wēros (see there for further descendants)

References

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  1. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 301:*u̯eh₁-ro-
  2. 2.0 2.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*u̯eh₁ros”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 606
  3. 3.0 3.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 166:*u̯ēro-s
  4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 424–*wīro-:PIE: *weh₁-ro-
  5. 5.0 5.1 Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “urtë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 489

Further reading

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  • Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 193:PIE *u̯eh₁ros
  • De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vērus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 668:PIE *u̯eh₁-ro-