Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*yem-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to hold, restrain
to take, seize

Derived terms edit

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *yem-‎ (8 c, 0 e)

*h₂e-yḗm-ti ~ *h₂e-yem-énti (narten-type root aorist present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hayā́mti^[4]
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hayā́mti
    - Sanskrit: अयमुर् (ayamur, 3pl.act.)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hayā́mti^[5]^[6] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *yäm- (“to achieve”)^[7]
  - Tocharian A: yomär
*yem-néH-ti (neH-present)
- Proto-Tocharian: *yämnā- (“to achieve”)^[7]
  - Tocharian A: [Term?] (yomnās, 3sg.fut.)
  - Tocharian B: [Term?] (yanmacer, 2pl.fut.)
*ym̥-sḱ-éti (sḱe-present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yaŝćáti^[6]
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yaćśáti
    - Sanskrit: यच्छति (yácchati), यछति (yáchati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *yaŝáti^[6] (see there for further descendants)
ye-yóm-e ~ ye-ym̥-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *́yayā́ma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yayā́ma
    - Sanskrit: ययन्थ (yayantha)
yom-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[1]
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmáyati
    - Sanskrit: आ यामयन्ति (ā́ yāmayanti)
*yém-ont-s ~ *ym̥-nt-és
- ⇒ *ym̥nt-(t)ró-m
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yantrám^[6]
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yantrám
      - Sanskrit: यन्त्र n (yantrá, “fastening”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *ym̥nt-wr̥
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yantwŕ̥
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yantwŕ̥
      - Sanskrit: *यन्तुर् (*yantúr, nom.sg.),^[8] यन्तुरम् m (yantúram, “guider, guiding”, acc.sg.)
yém-o-s
- Proto-Albanian: *jama^[9]
  - Albanian: gjem (“bridle”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yámas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yámas
    - Sanskrit: यम (yáma, “rein, curb, bridle”)
*yém-ti-s ~ *ym̥-téy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yátis
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yátis
    - Sanskrit: यतिस् (yátis, “holding, guidance”)
*yom-ó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmás
    - Sanskrit: सुयाम (suyāmá, “restraining well”) (+ सु (su))
*ym̥-tó-s (“held, restrained”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yatás (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *jēmaraz (“miserable, sorrowful, sad”)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*i̯em-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̭em-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 505
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “YAM”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 399-400
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yam”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*i̭am”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 211-212
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) “*i̭am-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 68-78
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yäm-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 538-539
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “yantúr-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 398
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[3], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*i̯em-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̭em-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 505

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “YAM”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 399-400

[4] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yam”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[5] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*i̭am”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 211-212

[ESIJa-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) “*i̭am-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 68-78

[Adams-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yäm-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 538-539

[8] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “yantúr-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 398

[9] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[3], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

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