Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/nihawa

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *NiSawa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nihawa/

Noun

*nihawa

breath
life force

Verb

*nihawa

to breathe

Descendants

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *(ma-)ñawa
- Central-Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Central Maluku:
    - Asilulu: nawa
    - Bobot: manowa
  - Sumba–Flores:
    - Bima: nawa
    - Sumba–Manggarai:
      - Manggarai: nawa
      - Rembong: nawa
- Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *mañawa
  - Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:
    - East Makian: manowo
    - Gane: manou
  - Proto-Oceanic: *mañawa
    - Admiralty Islands:
      - Wuvulu-Aua: manawanawa
    - Central-Eastern Oceanic:
      - Central Pacific:
        Proto-Polynesian: *manawa
        Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
        Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
        Marquesic:
        Hawaiian: manawa
        Mangarevan: manava
        South Marquesan: menava
        Rapa Nui: manava
        Tahitic:
        Maori: manawa
        Rakahanga-Manihiki: mānava
        Rarotongan: manava
        Tahitian: manava
        Tuamotuan: manava
        Ellicean–Outlier:
        Kapingamarangi: manawa
        Nukumanu: manava
        Nukuoro: manava
        Pileni: maanava
        Tuvaluan: maanava
        Futunic:
        Anuta: maanava
        Mele-Fila: maanava
        East Futuna: manava, mānava
        Futuna-Aniwa: manava
        Pukapukan: manava, mānava
        Tikopia: manava, maanava
        Samoic:
        Samoan: manava, mānava
        Tokelauan: manava, mānava
        Tongic:
        Niuafo'ou: mānava
        Niuean: manava
        Tongan: manava, mānava
        Rotuman: manava
      - Micronesian:
        Chuukic:
        Chuukese: manaw
        Puluwat: mánaw
        Woleaian: melaw
        Gilbertese: manawa
        Marshallese: menewnew
      - Southeast Solomonic:
        Malaita–Makira:
        Arosi: manawa
        Bauro: manawa
        Fagani: manawa
      - Southern Oceanic:
        Hiw: mənawə
    - Western Oceanic:
      - Meso-Melanesian:
        Vaghua: manava
      - North New Guinea:
        Manam: manawa
        Wogeo: mañawa
Western Malayo-Polynesian:
- Greater Barito:
  - Sama-Bajaw:
    - Mapun: nyawa
    - Yakan: niyawa
- North Borneo:
  - Southwest Sabah:
    - Greater Dusunic:
      - Brunei Bisaya: genao
      - Central Dusun: ginawo
      - Coastal Kadazan: ginavo
      - Rungus: ginavo
    - Murutic:
      - Burusu: penyawo
      - Timugon Murut: painawo
    - Paitanic:
      - Tombonuo: inawo
      - Upper Kinabatangan: inawo
- Proto-Philippine: *nihawa
  - Batanic:
    - Ibatan: hinawa
    - Yami: inawan
  - Central Luzon:
    - Kapampangan: -ináwa, isnáwa
    - Sambalic:
      - Bolinao: ináwa
      - Botolan Sambal: inawáwen
      - Mag-Anchi Ayta: isnáwa
      - Sambali: inanáwa
  - Greater Central Philippine: *gi-nihawa
    - Central Philippine:
      - Bikol:
        Bikol Central: ginháwa
      - Mansaka–Mandayan:
        Mansaka: ginawa
      - Tagalog: ginháwa
      - Visayan:
        Cebu:
        Cebuano: ginháwa
        Central:
        Hiligaynon: ginháwa
        Romblomanon: ginhāwa
        Waray-Waray: ginháwa
        South:
        Surigaonon: ginhawa
        Tandaganon: ginhawa
        Tausug: ginhawa
        West:
        Aklanon: ginháwa
        Caluyanun: gináwa
        Inonhan: ginháwa
    - Danao:
      - Maranao: ginawa
    - Gorontalo–Mongondow:
      - Mongondow: gina
    - Manobo:
      - Binukid: gahinawa
      - Western Bukidnon Manobo: gehinawa
    - South Mangyan:
      - Hanunoo: ginháwa
  - Kalamian:
    - Agutaynen: linawa
  - Northern Luzon:
    - Ilocano: gináwa
    - Meso-Cordilleran:
      - Pangasinan: nawá
  - Sangiric:
    - Sangir: niawa
  - South Mindanao:
    - Tboli: nawa
    - Tiruray: ferenawa
  - Umiray Dumaget Agta: innawe
- Celebic:
  - Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: *naa
    - Kulisusu: menaa
    - Mori Bawah: menaa
  - Kaili–Pamona:
    - Pamona: nyawa
    - Uma: inoha'
  - Muna–Buton:
    - Bonerate: mona'a
    - Muna: inawa
  - Tomini–Tolitoli:
    - Dampelas: nyawa
    - Tomini: nyaa
    - Totoli: kinaa
  - Wotu–Wolio:
    - Wolio: inawa
- Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:
  - Batak:
    - Karo Batak: nawa
  - Gayo: nyawa
- Javanese: nyawa
- Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:
  - Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:
    - Balinese: nyawa
    - Sasak: nyawa
  - Proto-Malayo-Chamic:
    - Proto-Chamic:
      - Acehnese: nyaw'ong
    - Proto-Malayic: *ñawa
      - Iban: nyawa
      - Malay: nyawa
        Indonesian: nyawa
        → Tausug: nyawa
      - Urak Lawoi': ญาวา (nyawa)
- Proto-South Sulawesi:
  - Makasar: nyawa
  - Mandar: nyawa
  - Tae': inaa

External links