Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḥapr-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Verbal noun of *ḥapar-.

Noun

*ḥapr- m

1. digging, digged hole

Inflection

Declension of *ḥapr-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḥaprum	*ḥaprāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*ḥaprim	*ḥaprayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ḥapram
possessive forms
1st person	*ḥaprī / *ḥaprVya	—	*ḥaprVni
2nd person m	*ḥaprVka	*ḥaprVkumā / *ḥaprVkumay	*ḥaprVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ḥaprVki		*ḥaprVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ḥaprVšu	*ḥaprVšumā / *ḥaprVšumay	*ḥaprVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ḥaprVša		*ḥaprVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḥapruya for nom. case, *ḥapriya for gen. case, *ḥapraya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḥapr- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ḥapruka *ḥaprāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *ḥaprika *ḥaprayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *ḥapraka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḥapr- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ḥapruki *ḥaprāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *ḥapriki *ḥaprayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *ḥapraki

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒇥 (uppum, ḫuppum, “cavity”)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: حَفْر (ḥafr, “digging”)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:
        • Classical Syriac: ܚܦܳܪܳܐ (ḥəp̄arā, “digging”), ܚܶܦܪܳܐ (ḥep̄rā, “ditch, hole, pit”)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Ge'ez: ቀፈር (ḳäfär), ቅፍር (ḳəfr, “notch, rift”)