Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kyvati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₁u-, from the root *keh₁w-. Cognate with Latin cēveō (“to move the backside in a lewd manner, to twerk”). Vasmer suggests a possible additional cognate in Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skēwjan, “to wander”), while Chernykh adds as possibilities Ossetian чи́уын (ḱíwyn, “to stagger, to stumble”) (also кеун (kewn)), Central Kurdish کەیان (keyan, “to waver, to wobble”).

Verb

*kyvati impf

1. to nod

Inflection

Conjugation of *kyvati, *kyva, *kyvajetь (impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Suffix: *-ati

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kyvanьje	*kyvati	*kyvatъ	*kyvalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kyvanъ	*kyvajemъ
Active	*kyvavъ	*kyvaję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kyvaxъ	*kyva	*kyva	*kyvajǫ	*kyvaješi	*kyvajetь
Dual	*kyvaxově	*kyvasta	*kyvaste	*kyvajevě	*kyvajeta	*kyvajete
Plural	*kyvaxomъ	*kyvaste	*kyvašę	*kyvajemъ	*kyvajete	*kyvajǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kyvaaxъ	*kyvaaše	*kyvaaše	—	*kyvaji	*kyvaji
Dual	*kyvaaxově	*kyvaašeta	*kyvaašete	*kyvajivě	*kyvajita	—
Plural	*kyvaaxomъ	*kyvaašete	*kyvaaxǫ	*kyvajimъ	*kyvajite	—

Derived terms

• *kyvъkъ (“nod”)

Related terms

• *kyti (“to pound, to wing”)
• *kyjati (“to flap, to knock (with a hammer)”)
• *kymъ (“nod”)
  • *kymati (“to nod”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: кꙑвати (kyvati) (13th century)
    • Belarusian: ківа́ць (kivácʹ)
    • Russian: кива́ть (kivátʹ)
    • Carpathian Rusyn: кы́вати (kŷ́vaty)
    • Ukrainian: кива́ти (kyváty)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: кꙑвати (kyvati)

    Glagolitic: [Term?]

  • Bulgarian: ки́вам (kívam) (dialectal)
  • Slovene: kívati (tonal orthography) (obsolete, dialectal)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: kývat
  • Old Polish: kiwać
    • Polish: kiwać
  • Slovak: kývať
  • Slovincian: kjiwac
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: kiwać
    • Lower Sorbian: kiwaś

Further reading

• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “кива́ть”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 394
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “кива́ть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keh₁u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 343
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kyvati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 283