Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvьrdь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From *tvьrdъ +‎ *-ь.

Noun

*tvьrdь f

1. citadel, firmament

Declension

Declension of *tvьrdь (i-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tvьrdь	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdi
genitive	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdьju, *tvьrďu*	*tvьrdьjь, *tvьrdi*
dative	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdьma	*tvьrdьmъ
accusative	*tvьrdь	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdi
instrumental	*tvьrdьjǫ, *tvьrďǫ*	*tvьrdьma	*tvьrdьmi
locative	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdьju, *tvьrďu*	*tvьrdьxъ
vocative	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdi

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

• *tvorìti (“to make”)
• *tvȃrь (“creation, creature”)
• *tvȏrъ (“creation, creature”)
• *tvь̑rdъ (“firm, hard, solid”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: твьрдь (tvĭrdĭ)
    • Russian: твердь (tverdʹ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: тврьдь (tvrĭdĭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⱅⰲⱃⱐⰴⱐ (tvrĭdĭ)

  • Bulgarian: твърд (tvǎrd) (archaic)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Polish: twierdza
    • Polish: twierdza

References

• Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tvьrdь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 501